![[image of the Head of a GNU]](/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg)
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GNU's Bulletin June, 1990
The GNU's Bulletin is the semi-annual newsletter of the Free Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU Project.
Free Software Foundation, Inc. Telephone: (617) 876-3296
675 Massachusetts Avenue Electronic mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
GNU'S Who What Is the Free Software Foundation? What Is Copyleft? GNUs Flashes Possible New Terms for GNU Libraries by Richard Stallman ``League for Programming Freedom'' by Michael Bloom and Richard Stallman Free Software Support GNU Project Status Report GNU Wish List GNU Documentation GNU Software Available Now Contents of the Emacs Release Tape Contents of the Pre-Release Tape Contents of the X11 Tapes VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes How to Get GNU Software Freemacs, an Extensible Editor for MS-DOS Thank GNUs FSF Order FormGNU's Who
Joseph Arceneaux is developing Emacs Version 19. Jim Kingdon is working on GDB. Michael Rowan is writing a
loginreplacement to work withxdm. Roland McGrath will again be on the payroll starting in July; he is finishing up the C library and maintains GNU make. David MacKenzie has been hired as a summer programmer and is maintaining the file utilities.Brian Fox is maintaining various programs that he has written, including the
readlinelibrary, themakeinfoand Info programs, BASH, and the new GNUfinger. Jay Fenlason continues with the GNU spreadsheet, Oleo, as well as maintainingtar,sedand the GNU assembler.Mike Haertel continues work on the C interpreter; he is also maintaining and improving the ``bin'' utilities and species of
grep. David Lawrence, who works for us at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, is maintaining the Lisp libraries for Emacs. Kathy Hargreaves is now working on Ghostscript, having just finished making the regular expression routines mostly POSIX-compliant. Karl Berry is also working on Ghostscript.Amy Gorin has been hired as a documentation writer, starting with the manual for
tar. Diane Barlow Close continues work on the BASH Programming Manual. Grace Sylvan is writing the GNU C Reference Manual.S. Opus Goldstein is still doing a great job running our office. Erica Brigid is answering phone calls, handling correspondence, and making distribution tapes. Robert J. Chassell, our Treasurer, is working on an elementary introduction to programming in Emacs Lisp, in addition to the many Foundation issues not related to programming.
Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks, including refining the C compiler, GNU Emacs, etc., and their documentation. Finally, volunteer Len Tower remains our electronic JOAT (jack-of-all-trades), handling mailing lists and gnUSENET, information requests, and the like.
GNU's Bulletin
Copyright (C) 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Written by: Michael Rowan, Robert J. Chassell, Richard Stallman,
Leonard H. Tower Jr., and Michael Bloom
Illustrations: Etienne Suvasa
Japanese Edition: Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi
Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
What Is the Free Software Foundation?
The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on copying, redistribution, understanding, and modification of computer programs. We do this by promoting the development and use of free software in all areas of computer use. Specifically, we are putting together a complete integrated software system named ``GNU'' (GNU's Not Unix) that will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Some large parts of this system are already working, and we are distributing them now.
The word ``free'' in our name refers to two specific freedoms: first, the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and co-workers; second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code. Furthermore, you can study the source and learn how such programs are written. You may then be able to port it, improve it, and share your changes with others.
Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be available. By contrast, FSF concentrates on development of new free software, working towards a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the need to purchase a proprietary system.
Besides developing GNU, the Foundation has secondary functions: producing tapes and printed manuals of GNU software, carrying out distribution, and accepting gifts to support GNU development. We are tax exempt; you can deduct donations to us on your tax returns. Our development effort is funded partly from donations and partly from distribution fees. Note that the distribution fees purchase just the service of distribution: you never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from a friend's computer at no charge (provided your friend is willing).
The Foundation also maintains a Service Directory: a list of people who offer service for pay to users of GNU programs and systems. The Service Directory is located in file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution. Service can mean answering questions for new users, customizing programs, porting to new systems, or anything else. Contact us if you want to be listed or wish a copy.
After we create our programs, we continually update and improve them. We release between 2 and 20 updates a year for each program. Doing this while developing new programs takes a lot of work, so any donations of pertinent source code and documentation, machines, labor, or money are always appreciated.
The board of the Foundation is: Richard Stallman, President; Robert J. Chassell, Treasurer; Gerald J. Sussman, Harold Abelson and Leonard H. Tower Jr., Directors.
What Is Copyleft?
In the previous section entitled ``What Is the Free Software Foundation?'' we state that ``you never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from a friend's computer at no charge.'' What exactly do we mean by this, and how do we make sure that it stays true?
The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain. Then people who get it from sharers can share it with others. But this also allows bad citizens to do what they like to do: sell binary-only versions under typical don't-share-with-your-neighbor licenses. They would thus enjoy the benefits of the freeness of the original program while withholding these benefits from the users. It could easily come about that most users get the program this way, and our goal of making the program free for all users would have been undermined.
To prevent this from happening, we don't normally place GNU programs in the public domain. Instead, we protect them by what we call copylefts. A copyleft is a legal instrument that makes everybody free to copy a program as long as the person getting the copy gets with it the freedom to distribute further copies, and the freedom to modify their copy (which means that they must get access to the source code). Typical software companies use copyrights to take away these freedoms; now software sharers use copylefts to preserve these freedoms.
The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from a combination of a copyright notice and the GNU General Public License. The copyright notice is the usual kind. The General Public License is a copying license which basically says that you have the freedoms we want you to have and that you can't take these freedoms away from anyone else. (The actual document consists of several pages of rather complicated legalbol that our lawyer said we needed.) The complete license is included in all GNU source code distributions and many manuals. We will send you a copy on request.
We encourage others to copyleft their programs using the General Public License; basically programs only need to include a few sentences stating that the license applies to them. Specifics on using the License accompany it, so refer there for details.
``As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours.''
-Benjamin FranklinGNUs Flashes
ftp sites. We strongly urge you to
update to the new version since the improvements are innumerable. (As
always you can ftp the manual from the usual sources.)
prep.ai.mit.edu.
Version 1.1 should be out soon. GNU Smalltalk is based on the
"blue book" definition of the Smalltalk language. It is
written in highly portable C and runs on a number of Unix machines
(Version 1.1 will offer more ports than the current version, which only
runs on 4 or 5 machines). A graphical user interface is also planned.
Response to the system has generally been very favorable, especially for
a young system.
getopt library. getopt_long can now be used to parse long
options as well as the normal single-lettered options allowed by the
standard getopt. For example, instead of remembering whether to
use -v or -V, you can use +verbose (or any
unambiguous abbreviation) in all programs. Eventually we hope to
provide command-line completion for long option names.
gdbm library has been released. It is a
replacement for the dbm and ndbm libraries. Our
gdbm database is stored in one file which contains no large
holes, supports read/write interlocking, handles keys and data of
unlimited size, and provides routines supporting both the ndbm
and dbm interfaces. These features separate gdbm from its
proprietary predecessors.
by Richard Stallman
We are considering changing the distribution terms for some GNU
libraries, such as libg++ and the (as yet unreleased) C
library.
The GNU General Public License was designed for utility programs, such as Emacs and GCC. It makes a sharp distinction between using the program and copying any part of it: Any program containing any significant portion of the GNU program must be freely redistributable to be permitted at all. However, merely using the program (for example, an editor) imposes no restriction on the work that is done with it.
Libraries blur the distinction between modifying or adding to a program and simply using it. Linking a program with a library, without changing the library, is in some sense simply using the library, and analogous to running a utility program or application program. However, in a textual and legal sense, the linked executable is a combined work which is a derivative of the original library, and the ordinary General Public License treats it as such. As a result, developers of proprietary software have not used the GNU libraries.
The goal of the Free Software Foundation is to promote the freedom to share software, for software developers and for users; we develop software for sharing as a means to this end. As a pragmatic matter, if the conditions for use of this software are such that most developers choose not to use it, then we don't achieve the goal. At the same time, if the conditions are so loose that people can use the software without much additional sharing, then we don't achieve the goal.
It seems that the ordinary General Public License is too restrictive for libraries, and is discouraging their use rather than encouraging further sharing. However, it would not be best to do what proprietary software developers ask us to do--to permit completely unrestricted use of our libraries in proprietary software--because then the end users of that software wouldn't get a jot of additional freedom as a consequence of the use of our library. We need to find a proper middle ground.
Our idea is to require the distributor of the proprietary executable to make the source to our library available along with the object files for the rest of the application. The user could then recompile the library (perhaps with changes) and relink to get a usable program. This way the user will, in some sense, get the benefit of the free status of the library within the executable.
However, not all the details are settled, so we aren't announcing the precise new library terms just yet.
by Michael Bloom and Richard Stallman
The League for Programming Freedom is an organization of people who oppose the attempt to monopolize common user interfaces through "look and feel" copyright lawsuits. Some of us are programmers who worry that such monopolies will obstruct our work. Some of us are users who want new computer systems to be compatible with the interfaces we know.
"Look and feel" lawsuits aim to create a new class of government-enforced monopolies that would be broader in scope than ever before. Such a system of user-interface copyright would impose gratuitous incompatibility, reduce competition, and stifle innovation.
We in the League hope to prevent these problems by preventing user-interface copyright. The League is not opposed to copyright law as it was understood until 1986--i.e., copyright on particular programs. Our aim is to stop changes in the copyright system, which would take away programmers' traditional freedom to write new programs that are compatible with existing programs and practices.
The League for Programming Freedom will act against the doctrine behind look-and-feel suits by any means consistent with the law and intellectual liberty. We will write editorials, talk with public officials, file amicus curiae briefs with the courts, and boycott egregious offenders. If you have other ideas, please suggest them.
The League members are now voting on the question of opposing software patents, which threaten to make every design decision in software development a chance for a lawsuit. The League's founders consider software patents potentially more dangerous than look-and-feel copyright, and the members voting so far seem to agree. Final results will be known at the beginning of June.
The more members we have, the more effective we will be. Even if you cannot donate any time, simply joining will make a difference.
The dues are $42 for professionals, $21 for others, except students whose dues are $10.50. To join, write to:
League for Programming Freedom,
1 Kendall Square #143,
P.O.Box 9171
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Phone: (617) 492-0023.
league@prep.ai.mit.edu
Note that the League for Programming Freedom is a separate organization from the Free Software Foundation; please direct all League inquiries to the above address, not to the Foundation.
The Free Software Foundation develops and distributes freely available software. Our goal is to help computer users as a community. We envision a world in which software is freely redistributable. This means software will be sold at a competitive market price rather than a monopoly established price; often, it will be given away. We see programmers as providing a service, much as doctors and lawyers now do--both medical knowledge and the law are freely redistributable entities for which the practitioners charge a distribution and service fee.
To help you find support and other consulting services, we maintain a list of people who offer such services. We call this list the GNU Service Directory. This list is contained in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution. If you want to offer services, you can use this list to help make yourself known. (Contact us if you would like a copy of this directory or wish to be included.)
Most of the listings in the GNU Service Directory are for individuals,
but one is for Cygnus Support, which is the first for-profit corporation
that we know of that provides support only for free software.
Their address is info@cygnus.com or Cygnus Support, 814
University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301. FSF is not affiliated with Cygnus
Support, but we hope that Cygnus Support is a harbinger of the
future.
If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know. We maintain a considerable number of Internet mailing lists for making announcements, reporting bugs and for asking questions. The Emacs and GCC Manuals have chapters explaining where to send bug reports and what information to put in them. Incidentally, on the larger lists, it is not surprising to see an enquiry answered on the same day it is posted.
These mailing lists are also gatewayed into USENET news. If your site
receives USENET, you can follow these discussions using news software.
To find out more about the gnu.* newsgroups, ask your system
administrator.
If you don't have Internet access, you can receive mail and USENET news
with a UUCP connection. Contact either a system administrator at a
local UUCP site, or UUNET Communications, which can set up a UUCP
connection for a modest fee. (UUNET is a non-profit organization that
provides network connections.) You can contact UUNET by e-mail at
info@uunet.uu.net or by paper mail at:
UUNET Communications Services, 3110 Fairview Park Drive - Suite 570, Falls Church, VA 22042 Phone: (703) 876-5050
When we receive a bug report, we will usually try to fix the problem in order to make the software better. This may help you in the long run; however, we may not provide you with immediate assistance. This is not and should not be our job. Our task is so large that we must focus on that which helps the community as a whole, such as developing and maintaining software and documentation. We mustn't let ourselves be sidetracked into helping individuals one by one. We do not have the resources. Thus, do tell us how an installation script doesn't work or where the documentation is unclear--but please don't ask us to help you install the software or figure out how to use it.
If your bug report does not evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from the many other users who read our bug reporting mailing lists. Otherwise, use the Service Directory.
regex) are now mostly
conformant to the POSIX.2 standard.
finger. Our
finger now handles the newer paradigm of each user having his/her own
small Unix host (workstation). GNU finger has a per site server that
will poll all of the machines at a site. Thus queries can now be site
wide rather than host specific. For example, fingering
bfox@pogo.ai.mit.edu with our finger would tell you if he was
logged in and what host he is using. If he isn't logged in, it will
tell you what host he was last using.
Our finger also does faces! If a site has face bitmaps online (and is
running GNU Finger, of course) you can get the user's face in a X Window
on your display.
curses library and an X11 interface is planned.
Right now it runs on BSD Unix machines as well as IBM PC's and
compatibles.
groff, an implementation in C++ of the
traditional Unix document formatting tools. So far troff,
pic, tbl, eqn, man macros, and a PostScript
driver have been written. A version of the Berkeley me macros
will be included. He is currently implementing a driver which produces
TeX .dvi format and a driver for typewriter-like devices.
Useful additions would be mm and ms macros, grap,
and refer.
ls, mv,
cp, cat, rm, du, head, tail,
cmp, chmod, mkdir, and ln. These tools are
either fully POSIX compliant or being worked on to become so. cp
now has options to preserve the last-modification timestamp on copies,
thus replacing some uses of tar or cpio.
ftp on prep.ai.mit.edu. The current version is 1.1, with
Version 1.2 expected to be out soon. Thanks to Steve Byrne who wrote
our Smalltalk based on the blue book definition of the
language.Wishes for this issue are for:
gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu for the task list and coding
standards.
gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu.
GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use, on-line and printed documentation. GNU manuals are intended to explain the underlying concepts, describe how to use all the features of each program, and give examples of command use.
GNU documentation is distributed as Texinfo source files. Texinfo source yields both a typeset hardcopy and on-line presentations, accessed by a menu-driven system.
The following manuals, provided with our software, are also available in hardcopy; see the order form on the inside back cover.
The Emacs Manual describes the use of GNU Emacs. It also explains advanced features, such as outline mode and regular expression search. The manual tells how to use special modes for programming in languages such as C and Lisp, how to use the tags utility, and how to compile and correct code. It also describes how to make your own keybindings and other elementary customizations.
The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual covers the GNU Emacs Lisp programming language in great depth. It goes into data types, control structures, functions, macros, byte compilation, keymaps, windows, markers, searching and matching, modes, syntax tables, operating system interface, etc.
The Texinfo Manual describes how to write documents in Texinfo source code. It explains the markup language used to create both an Info file and a printed document from the same source file. This tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes, indices, and cross references. It also describes how to use Texinfo mode in GNU Emacs and catch mistakes.
The Termcap Manual is often described as "Twice as much as you ever wanted to know about Termcap." It describes the format of the Termcap database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process of interrogating a terminal description. This manual is primarily for programmers.
The Bison Manual covers writing grammar descriptions that can be converted into C coded parsers. This manual assumes no prior knowledge of parser generators. It describes the concepts and then provides a series of increasingly complex examples before describing what happens in considerable detail.
The GAWK Manual describes how to use the GNU implementation of AWK. It is written for someone who has never used AWK, and describes all the features of this powerful string manipulating language.
The Make Manual describes the GNU Make utility, a program used to rebuild parts of other programs when and as needed. It covers makefile writing, which specifies how a program is to be compiled and what each part of the program depends on.
The GDB Manual explains how to use the GNU Debugger. It describes running your program under debugger control, how to examine and alter data as well as modify the flow of control within the program, and how to use GDB through GNU Emacs, with auto-display of source lines.
We offer Unix software source distribution tapes, plus VMS tapes for GNU Emacs and GNU C that include sources and VMS executables.
The first Unix tape (called the "Release" or "Emacs" tape) contains GNU Emacs as well as various other well-tested programs that we consider reliable. The second Unix tape (called the "Pre-Release" or "Compiler" tape) contains the GNU C compiler, related utilities, and other new programs that are less thoroughly tested. The third and fourth Unix tapes (called the "X11" tapes) contain the X11 distribution from the MIT X Consortium.
The GNU C compiler and various related programs are on a tape that we have called our "Beta Test" tape in the past. However, this software is becoming more stable; to reflect this change, we are renaming the tape the "Pre-Release" tape. (The tape also contains Ghostscript, which is not stable; for the moment, this is the best place to put it.)
Sometime in the Fall, probably in early November, we will introduce a new beta test tape of "experimental" software. We will put new major, test releases of existing more-or-less stable programs such as GCC, Emacs, and GDB on this tape when they appear, as well as new programs such as Smalltalk and the C library. The contents of the "Experimental" tape will fluctuate because versions will move to the other tapes when they become stable. We are calling this the "Experimental" tape to prevent confusion with the older Beta tape.
We will put Ghostscript on the "Experimental" tape when it appears. But as a convenience, we will continue to include it on the "Pre-Release" tape until the current order form expires in January 1991, even though this action is somewhat inconsistent with the tape naming conventions.
Please do not order an "Experimental" tape until at least November, unless you see an announcement sooner than that on the net--we have put nothing on this tape as yet!
See the order form on the inside back cover for details about media, etc. Note that the contents of the 1600bpi 9-track tapes and the QIC-24 DC300XLP 1/4 inch cartridge tapes for Unix systems are the same. It is only the media that are different.
The software on this release tape is considered fairly stable, but as always, we welcome your bug reports.
texi2roff
texi2roff, written by Beverly Erlebacher, translates GNU Texinfo
files into a format that can be printed by the Unix [nt]roff programs
utilizing the mm, ms or me macro packages. It is included on all Unix
tapes so people who don't have a copy of TeX can print out GNU
documentation.
The programs on this tape are becoming almost stable. The exception is Ghostscript, but which we are carrying on this tape as a convenience until January 1991, when we will distribute it only on the "Experimental" tape. As always, we solicit your comments and bug reports. This tape is also known as the Compiler tape, and used to be known as the "Beta" tape.
as. It is now at Version 1.35 and
works for 32x32, 680x0, 80386, Sparc (Sun 4), and Vax.
We have free versions of ar, ld, nm, size,
gprof, strip, and ranlib. The GNU linker ld
runs significantly faster than the BSD version. Our ld is the
only one that will give you source-line numbered error messages for
multiply-defined symbols and undefined references.
robotussin is supplied for converting standard libraries to this
format.
make
GNU make includes almost all the features from the BSD, System V,
and POSIX versions of make, as well many of our own extensions. These
extensions include parallelism, conditional execution, and text
manipulation. Version 3 of GNU make is fairly stable and we do not
anticipate a Version 3 release after 3.59. Work on Version 4--which
will include many functional improvements--will begin sometime this
summer. Texinfo source for the GNU make manual is provided; see "GNU
Documentation" above.
* of GDB, the GNU debugger, runs under BSD 4.2 and 4.3
on Vaxes and Suns (2, 3, and 4), Convex, HP 9000/300's under BSD, HP
9000/320's under HPUX, System V 386 machines (with either GNU or native
object file format), ISI Optimum V, Merlin under Utek 2.1, SONY News,
Gould NPL and PN machines, Pyramid, Sequent Symmetry (a 386 based
machine), Altos, and Encores under Umax 4.2.
GDB features incremental reading of symbol tables (for fast startup and
less memory use), command-line editing, the ability to call functions in
the program being debugged, a value history, and user-defined commands.
It can be used to debug C, C++, and FORTRAN programs.
GDB also provides for remote debugging over a serial line. Remote
debugging is the most convenient way to develop software for systems
which are too small to run a debugger; it allows you to have the
features of GDB at your disposal even on such systems.
sh and provides many extensions found in csh
and ksh. It has job control, csh-style command history,
and command-line editing (with Emacs and vi modes built-in and the
ability to rebind keys).
tar
GAWK is GNU's version of the Unix AWK utility; it comes with a Texinfo
manual (see "GNU Documentation" above). FLEX is a mostly-compatible
replacement for the Unix lex scanner generator written by Vern
Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. FLEX generates far more
efficient scanners than lex does. GNU tar includes
multivolume support, the ability to archive sparse files, automatic
compression and decompression of archives, remote archives, and special
features to allow tar to be used for incremental and full backups
of file systems.
diff and grep
These programs are GNU's versions of the Unix programs of the same name.
They are much faster than their Unix counterparts.
gnuplot
Ghostscript is GNU's graphics language that is almost fully compatible
with PostScript. For more information on Ghostscript, please refer to
the section on Ghostscript in the "GNU Project Status Report."
gnuplot is an interactive program for plotting mathematical
expressions and data. Oddly enough, the program was neither done for
nor named for the GNU Project--the name is a coincidence.
g++, libg++, and NIH Class Library
G++ is a set of changes for GCC that compiles C++, the
well-known object-oriented language. This was the first compiler to
compile C++ directly instead of preprocessing it into C, with
great benefits for debugging and efficiency. G++ also was first
with multiple inheritance and other new features later released by AT&T
in cfront 2.0. Since G++ depends on GCC, it must be used
with the correspondingly numbered version of GCC. GDB Version
3.* includes support for debugging C++ code, which merges
in the functionality of the old program GDB+.
libg++ (the GNU C++ library) is an extensive and
documented collection of C++ classes and support tools for use
with G++.
The NIH Class Library (formerly known as OOPS (Object-Oriented Program
Support)) is a portable collection of classes similar to those in
Smalltalk-80 that has been developed by Keith Gorlen of NIH, using the
C++ programming language.
Note that Interviews has been dropped from this tape since it appears on
the "optional" X tape (See "Contents of the X11 Tapes"
below).
compress, perl (Version 3.0), c-perf (Version 2.0),
f2c (a FORTRAN to C translator), and GnuGo (the game of Go
(Wei-Chi)) on this tape.
The two X11 tapes contain Version 11, Release 4 of the MIT X window system. X11 is more powerful than, but incompatible with, the no-longer-supported Version 10.
The first FSF tape contains the contents of both tape one and tape two from the MIT X Consortium: the core software and documentation, and the contributed clients. FSF refers to its first tape as the `required' X tape since it is necessary for running X or GNU Emacs under X. (The Consortium refers to its first two tapes as the `required/recommended' tapes.)
The second, `optional' FSF tape contains the contents of tapes three and four from the MIT X Consortium: contributed libraries and other toolkits, the Andrew software, games, etc. (The Consortium refers to its last two tapes as `optional' tapes.)
We offer a VMS tape of the GNU Emacs editor, and a separate VMS tape containing the GNU C compiler. The VMS compiler tape also contains Bison (needed to compile GCC), GAS (needed to assemble GCC's output), and some library and include files. Both VMS tapes include executables that you can bootstrap from, because the DEC VMS C compiler has bugs and thus cannot compile GNU C.
Please don't ask us to devote effort to additional VMS support, because it is peripheral to the GNU Project.
All the software and publications from the Free Software Foundation are distributed with permission to copy and redistribute. The easiest way to get GNU software is to copy it from someone else who has it.
If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest software from
the host prep.ai.mit.edu. For more information, read the
file `/u/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE' on that host. Please note
that the Internet address of prep is
18.71.0.38.
If you cannot get the software from a friend or over the net, or if you would like to contribute some funds to our efforts and receive the latest versions, the Free Software Foundation distributes tapes for a copying and distribution fee. See the order form on the inside back cover.
There are also third party groups that distribute our software: they do not work with us, but have our software in other forms. For your convenience, some of them are listed below. Please note that the Free Software Foundation is not affiliated with them in any way, and is not responsible for either the currency of their versions or the swiftness of their responses.
These Internet sites provide GNU software via anonymous
ftp:
scam.berkeley.edu, itstd.sri.com, wuarchive.wustl.edu, wsmr-simtel20.army.mil (under `PD:<Unix.GNU>'), bu.edu, louie.udel.edu, nic.nyser.net, ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp, funic.funet.fi, sunic.sunet.se, freja.diku.dk, gatekeeper.dec.com, mango.miami.edu (VMS G++), cc.utah.edu (VMS GNU Emacs), and uunet.uu.net.
Those on the SPAN network can ask rdss::corbet.
Information on how to obtain some GNU programs using UUCP is available
via electronic mail from the following people. Ohio State also posts
their UUCP instructions regularly to newsgroup comp.sources.d on
USENET.
hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny, acornrc!bob,
hqda-ai!merlin, uunet!hutch!barber, sun!nosun!illian!darylm,
oli-stl!root, bigtex!james, postmaster@uunet.uu.net, and
karl@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (or osu-cis!karl).
Freemacs, a copylefted MS-DOS editor, is one of the few editors for
small machines with a full extension language. It is the only such
editor that tries to be compatible with GNU Emacs. For more information
contact: nelson@clutx.clarkson.edu, or: Russell Nelson, 11
Grant St., Potsdam, NY, 13676. $15 sent to that address will get you a
copy. It is also available for ftp on
sun.soe.clarkson.edu. Note that the Free Software Foundation
does not distribute Freemacs; please don't ask us about it.
Thanks to all those mentioned in GNUs Flashes and the GNU Project Status Report.
Thanks to the Japanese Unix Society for their large gift.
Thanks to Delta Microsystems who just donated an Exabyte tape drive.
Thanks again to the Open Software Foundation for their continued support.
Thanks to Digital Equipment Corporation for their gift.
Thanks to Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, and the volunteers who worked on the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. Also thanks to Warren A. Hunt, Jr. and Computational Logic, Inc. for their support.
Thanks to the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory & MIT Laboratory for Computer Science for their invaluable assistance of many kinds.
Thanks to Chris Welty as well as the Computer Science Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for splitting Dave Lawrence's salary with FSF and providing him computing facilities.
Thanks to Prof. Christof Koch of Caltech for his support of Brian Fox.
Thanks to Prof. Paul Hilfinger of the UCB CS Department for allowing Roland McGrath to use UCB resources.
Thanks to the University of Minnesota Department of Computer Science for allowing Mike Haertel to use their computers.
Thanks to Cliff Lasser of Thinking Machines, Inc. for the help with upgrading to SunOS 4.0.
Thanks to Village Center Inc and Nikkei Business Publishing, both of Japan, for their gifts.
Thanks to Information Systems and the Whitaker College Computing Facility at MIT for use of their machines to make our VMS master tapes.
Thanks go out to all those who have either lent or donated machines, including Hewlett-Packard for their donation of six 68030 workstations, Brewster Kahle of Thinking Machines Corp. (TMC) for the Sun 4/110, K. Richard Magill for the AT&T Unix PC, Doug Blewett of AT&T Bell Labs for two Convergent Miniframes, CMU's Mach Project for the Sun 3/60, Intel Corp. for their 386/i860 workstation, NeXT for a NeXT workstation, the MIT Media Laboratory for the Hewlett-Packard 68020 machine, SONY Corp. and Software Research Associates, Inc., both of Tokyo, for three SONY News workstations, and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science for the DEC Microvax.
Thanks to all those who have contributed ports and extensions, as well as those who have contributed other source code, documentation, and good bug reports. Thanks to those who sent money and offered help. Thanks also to those who support us by ordering manuals and distribution tapes.
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