NAME Data::Rmap - recursive map, apply a block to a data structure SYNOPSIS $ perl -MData::Rmap -e 'print rmap { $_ } 1, [2,3], \\4, "\n"' 1234 $ perl -MData::Rmap=:all rmap_all { print (ref($_) || "?") ,"\n" } \@array, \%hash, \*glob; # OUTPUT (Note: a GLOB always has a SCALAR, hence the last two items) # ARRAY # HASH # GLOB # SCALAR # ? # Upper-case your leaves in-place $array = [ "a", "b", "c" ]; $hash = { key => "a value" }; rmap { $_ = uc $_; } $array, $hash; use Data::Dumper; $Data::Dumper::Terse=1; $Data::Dumper::Indent=0; print Dumper($array), " ", Dumper($hash), "\n"; # OUTPUT # ['A','B','C'] {'key' => 'A VALUE'} # Simple array dumper. # Uses $self->recurse method to alter traversal order ($dump) = rmap_to { return "'$_'" unless ref($_); # scalars are quoted and returned my $self = shift; # use $self->recurse to grab results and wrap them return '[ ' . join(', ', $self->recurse() ) . ' ]'; } ARRAY|VALUE, [ 1, [ 2, [ [ 3 ], 4 ] ], 5 ]; print "$dump\n"; # OUTPUT # [ '1', [ '2', [ [ '3' ], '4' ] ], '5' ] DESCRIPTION rmap BLOCK LIST Recursively evaluate a BLOCK over a list of data structures (locally setting $_ to each element) and return the list composed of the results of such evaluations. $_ can be used to modify the elements. Data::Rmap currently traverses HASH, ARRAY, SCALAR and GLOB reference types and ignores others. Depending on which rmap_* wrapper is used, the BLOCK is called for only scalar values, arrays, hashes, references, all elements or a customizable combination. The list of data structures is traversed pre-order in a depth-first fashion. That is, the BLOCK is called for the container reference before is it called for it's elements (although see "recurse" below for post-order). The values of a hash are traversed in the usual "values" order which may affect some applications. If the "cut" subroutine is called in the BLOCK then the traversal stops for that branch, say if you "cut" an array then the code is never called for it's elements (or their sub-elements). To simultaneously return values and cut, simply pass the return list to cut: "cut('add','to','returned');" The first parameter to the BLOCK is an object which maintains the state of the traversal. Methods available on this object are described in "State Object" below. EXPORTS By default: rmap, rmap_all, cut Optionally: rmap_scalar rmap_hash rmap_array rmap_ref rmap_to :types => [ qw(NONE VALUE HASH ARRAY SCALAR REF OBJECT ALL) ], :all => ... # everything Functions The various names are just wrappers which select when to call the code BLOCK. rmap_all always calls it, the others are more selective while rmap_to takes an extra parameter permitting you to provide selection criteria. Furthermore, you can always just rmap_all and skip nodes which are not of interest. rmap_to { ... } $want, @data_structures; Most general first. Recurse the @data_structures and apply the BLOCK to elements selected by $want. The $want parameter is the bitwise "or" of whatever types you choose (imported with :types): VALUE - non-reference scalar, eg. 1 HASH - hash reference ARRAY - array reference SCALAR - scalar refernce, eg. \1 REF - higher-level reference, eg. \\1, \\{} B any reference type, see 's reftype: perl -MScalar::Util=reftype -le 'print map reftype($_), \1, \\1' GLOB - glob reference, eg. \*x (scalar, hash and array recursed) ALL - all of the above NONE - none of the above So to call the block for arrays and scalar values do: use Data::Rmap ':all'; # or qw(:types rmap_to) rmap { ... } ARRAY|VALUE, @data_structures; (ALL & !GLOB) might also be handy. The remainder of the wrappers are given in terms of the $want for rmap_to. rmap { ... } @list; Recurse and call the BLOCK on non-reference scalar values. $want = VALUE rmap_all BLOCK LIST Recurse and call the BLOCK on everything. $want = ALL rmap_scalar { ... } @list Recurse and call the BLOCK on non-collection scalars. $want = VALUE|SCALAR|REF rmap_hash Recurse and call the BLOCK on hash refs. $want = HASH rmap_array Recurse and call the BLOCK on array refs. $want = ARRAY rmap_ref Recurse and call the BLOCK on all references (not GLOBS). $want = HASH|ARRAY|SCALAR|REF Note: rmap_ref isn't the same as rmap_to {} REF cut(@list) Don't traverse sub-elements and return the @list immediately. For example, if $_ is an ARRAY reference, then the array's elements are not traversed. If there's two paths to an element, both will need to be cut. State Object The first parameter to the BLOCK is an object which maintains most of the traversal state (except current node, which is $_). *You will ignore it most of the time*. The "recurse" method may be useful. Other methods should only be used in throw away tools, see TODO Methods: recurse Process child nodes of $_ now and return the result. This makes it easier to perform post-order and in-order processing of a structure. Note that since the same "seen list" is used, the child nodes aren't reprocessed. code The code reference of the BLOCK itself. Possible useful in some situations. seen (Warning: I'm undecided whether this method should be public) Reference to the HASH used to track where we have visited. You may want to modify it in some situations (though I haven't yet). Beware circular references. The (current) convention used for the key is in the source. want (Warning: I'm undecided whether this method should be public) The $want state described in rmap_to. EXAMPLES # command-line play $ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'print join ":", rmap { $_ } 1,2,[3..5],\\6' 1:2:3:4:5:6 # Linearly number questions on a set of pages my $qnum = 1; rmap_hash { $_->{qnum} = $qnum++ if($_->{qn}); } @pages; # Grep recursively, finding ALL objects use Scalar::Util qw(blessed); my @objects = rmap_ref { blessed($_) ? $_ : (); } $data_structure; # Grep recursively, finding public objects (note the cut) use Scalar::Util qw(blessed); my @objects = rmap_ref { blessed($_) ? cut($_) : (); } $data_structure; # Return a modified structure # (result flattening means we must cheat by cloning then modifying) use Storable qw(dclone); use Lingua::EN::Numbers::Easy; $words = [ 1, \2, { key => 3 } ]; $nums = dclone $words; rmap { $_ = $N{$_} || $_ } $nums; # Make an assertion about a structure use Data::Dump; rmap_ref { blessed($_) && $_->isa('Question') && defined($_->name) or die "Question doesn't have a name:", dump($_); } @pages; # Traverse a tree using localize state $tree = [ one => two => [ three_one => three_two => [ three_three_one => ], three_four => ], four => [ [ five_one_one => ], ], ]; @path = ('q'); rmap_to { if(ref $_) { local(@path) = (@path, 1); # ARRAY adds a new level to the path $_[0]->recurse(); # does stuff within local(@path)'s scope } else { print join('.', @path), " = $_ \n"; # show the scalar's path } $path[-1]++; # bump last element (even when it was an aref) } ARRAY|VALUE, $tree; # OUTPUT # q.1 = one # q.2 = two # q.3.1 = three_one # q.3.2 = three_two # q.3.3.1 = three_three_one # q.3.4 = three_four # q.4 = four # q.5.1.1 = five_one_one Troubleshooting Beware comma after block: rmap { print }, 1..3; ^-------- bad news, you get and empty list: rmap(sub { print $_; }), 1..3; If you don't import a function, perl's confusion may produce: $ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'rmap_scalar { print } 1' Can't call method "rmap_scalar" without a package or object reference... $ perl -MData::Rmap -le 'rmap_scalar { $_++ } 1' Can't call method "rmap_scalar" without a package or object reference... If there's two paths to an element, both will need to be cut. If there's two paths to an element, one will be taken randomly when there is an intervening hash. TODO Note that the package/class name of the "State Object" is subject to change. The want and seen accessors may change or become useful dynamic mutators. Store custom localized data about the traversal. Seems too difficult and ugly when compare to doing it at the call site. Should support multiple reentrancy so avoid the symbol table. "rmap_args { } $data_structure, @args" form to pass parameters. Could potentially help localizing needs. (Maybe only recurse last item) Benchmark. Use array based object and/or direct access internally. rmap_objects shortcut for Scalar::Utils::blessed (Let me know of other useful rmap_??? wrappers) Think about permitting different callback for different types. The prototype syntax is a bit too flaky.... Ensure that no memory leaks are possible, leaking the closure. SEE ALSO map, grep, Storable's dclone, Scalar::Util's reftype and blessed Faint traces of treemap: http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=60829 AUTHOR Brad Bowman Copyright (C) 2004 All rights reserved.