Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.
There are two ways that a variable in GNU make can have a value;
we call them the two flavors of variables. The two flavors are
distinguished in how they are defined and in what they do when expanded.
The first flavor of variable is a recursively expanded variable.
Variables of this sort are defined by lines using `='
(see section Setting Variables) or by the define directive
(see section Defining Variables Verbatim). The value you specify
is installed verbatim; if it contains references to other variables,
these references are expanded whenever this variable is substituted (in
the course of expanding some other string). When this happens, it is
called recursive expansion.
For example,
foo = $(bar) bar = $(ugh) ugh = Huh? all:;echo $(foo)
will echo `Huh?': `$(foo)' expands to `$(bar)' which expands to `$(ugh)' which finally expands to `Huh?'.
This flavor of variable is the only sort supported by other versions of
make. It has its advantages and its disadvantages. An advantage
(most would say) is that:
CFLAGS = $(include_dirs) -O include_dirs = -Ifoo -Ibar
will do what was intended: when `CFLAGS' is expanded in a command, it will expand to `-Ifoo -Ibar -O'. A major disadvantage is that you cannot append something on the end of a variable, as in
CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -O
because it will cause an infinite loop in the variable expansion.
(Actually make detects the infinite loop and reports an error.)
Another disadvantage is that any functions
(see section Functions for Transforming Text)
referenced in the definition will be executed every time the variable is
expanded. This makes make run slower; worse, it causes the
wildcard and shell functions to give unpredictable results
because you cannot easily control when they are called, or even how many
times.
To avoid all the problems and inconveniences of recursively expanded variables, there is another flavor: simply expanded variables.
Simply expanded variables are defined by lines using `:=' (see section Setting Variables). The value of a simply expanded variable is scanned once and for all, expanding any references to other variables and functions, when the variable is defined. The actual value of the simply expanded variable is the result of expanding the text that you write. It does not contain any references to other variables; it contains their values as of the time this variable was defined. Therefore,
x := foo y := $(x) bar x := later
is equivalent to
y := foo bar x := later
When a simply expanded variable is referenced, its value is substituted verbatim.
Here is a somewhat more complicated example, illustrating the use of
`:=' in conjunction with the shell function.
(See section The shell Function.) This example
also shows use of the variable MAKELEVEL, which is changed
when it is passed down from level to level.
(See section Communicating Variables to a Sub-make, for information about MAKELEVEL.)
ifeq (0,${MAKELEVEL})
cur-dir := $(shell pwd)
whoami := $(shell whoami)
host-type := $(shell arch)
MAKE := ${MAKE} host-type=${host-type} whoami=${whoami}
endif
An advantage of this use of `:=' is that a typical `descend into a directory' command then looks like this:
${subdirs}:
${MAKE} cur-dir=${cur-dir}/$@ -C $@ all
Simply expanded variables generally make complicated makefile programming more predictable because they work like variables in most programming languages. They allow you to redefine a variable using its own value (or its value processed in some way by one of the expansion functions) and to use the expansion functions much more efficiently (see section Functions for Transforming Text).
You can also use them to introduce controlled leading whitespace into variable values. Leading whitespace characters are discarded from your input before substitution of variable references and function calls; this means you can include leading spaces in a variable value by protecting them with variable references, like this:
nullstring := space := $(nullstring) # end of the line
Here the value of the variable space is precisely one space. The
comment `# end of the line' is included here just for clarity.
Since trailing space characters are not stripped from variable
values, just a space at the end of the line would have the same effect
(but be rather hard to read). If you put whitespace at the end of a
variable value, it is a good idea to put a comment like that at the end
of the line to make your intent clear. Conversely, if you do not
want any whitespace characters at the end of your variable value, you
must remember not to put a random comment on the end of the line after
some whitespace, such as this:
dir := /foo/bar # directory to put the frobs in
Here the value of the variable dir is `/foo/bar '
(with four trailing spaces), which was probably not the intention.
(Imagine something like `$(dir)/file' with this definition!)
There is another assignment operator for variables, `?='. This is called a conditional variable assignment operator, because it only has an effect if the variable is not yet defined. This statement:
FOO ?= bar
is exactly equivalent to this
(see section The origin Function):
ifeq ($(origin FOO), undefined) FOO = bar endif
Note that a variable set to an empty value is still defined, so `?=' will not set that variable.
Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.