The Project Gutenberg EBook of Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 11-16 [1031-1095 A.D.], by Kuo Shen This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 11-16 [1031-1095 A.D.] Author: Kuo Shen Release Date: May 10, 2009 [EBook #7314] Release Date: January, 2005 First Posted: April 11, 2003 Language: Chinese Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENG XI BI TAN, VOLUME 11-16 *** Produced by Sally Yu 【卷十一 官政一】 世稱陳恕為三司使,改茶法,歲計幾增十倍。余為三司使時,考其籍,蓋 自景德中北戎入寇之後,河北糴便之法蕩盡,此後茶利十喪其九。恕在任 ,值北虜講解,商人頓復,歲課遂增,雖雲十倍之多,考之尚未盈舊額。 至今稱道,蓋不虞之譽也。 世傳算茶有三說最便。三說者,皆謂見錢為 一說,犀牙、香藥為一說,茶為一說,深不然也。此乃三分法,其謂緣邊 入納糧草,其價折為三分,一分支見錢,一分折犀象雜貨,一分折茶爾, 後又有並折鹽為四分法,更改不一,皆非三說也。余在三司,求得三說舊 案。三說者,乃是三事:博糴為一說,便糴為一說,直便為一說。其謂之 「博糴」者,極邊糖草,歲入必欲足常額,每歲自三司拋數下庫務,先封 椿見錢、緊便錢、緊茶鈔。「緊便錢」謂水路商旅所便處,「緊茶鈔」謂 上三山場榷務。然後召人入中。「便糴」者,次邊糧草,商人先入中糧草 ,乃詣京師算請慢便錢、慢茶鈔及雜貨。「慢便錢」謂道路貨易非便處, 「慢茶鈔」謂下三山場榷務。「直便」者,商人取便,於緣邊入納見錢, 於京師請領。三說,先博糴,數足,然後聽便糴及直便。以此商人競趨爭 先赴極邊博糴,故邊粟常先足,不為諸郡分裂,糧草之價,不能翔踴,諸 路稅課,亦皆盈衍,此良法也。余在三司,方欲講求,會左遷,不果建議 。 延州故豐林縣城,赫連勃勃所築,至今謂之赫連城。緊密如石,斸之 皆火出。其城不甚厚,但馬面極長且密。予親使人步之,馬面皆長四丈, 相去六七丈,以其馬面密,則城不須太厚,人力亦難兼也。余曾親見攻城 ,若馬面長則可反射城下攻者,兼密則矢石相及,敵人至城下,則四面矢 石臨之。須使敵人不能到城下,乃為良法。今邊城雖厚,而馬面極短且疏 ,若敵人可到城下,則城雖厚。終為危道。其間更多其角,謂之團敵,此 尤無益。全藉倚樓角以發矢石,以覆護城腳。但使敵人備處多,則自不可 存立。赫連之城,深可為法也。 劉晏掌南計,數百裡外物價高下,即日 知之。人有得晏一事,余在三司時,嘗行之於東南,每歲發運司和糴米於 郡縣,未知價之高下,須先具價申稟,然後視其貴賤,貴則寡取,賤則取 盈。盡得郡縣之價,方能契數行下,比至則粟價已增,所以常得貴。各得 其宜,已無極售。晏法則令多粟通途郡縣,以數十歲糴價與所糴粟數高下 ,各類五等,具籍於主者。今屬發運司。粟價才定,更不申稟,即時廩收 ,但第一價則糴五數,第五價即糴第一數,第二價則糴第四數,第四價即 糴第二數,乃即馳遞報發運司。如此,粟賤之地,自糴盡極數:其余節級 ,各得其宜,已無極售。發運司仍會諸郡所糴之數計之,若過於多,則損 貴與遠者;尚少,則增賤與近者。自此粟價未嘗失時;各當本處豐儉,即 日知價。信皆有術。 舊校書官多不恤職事,但取舊書,以墨漫一字,復 注舊字於其側,以為日課。自置編校局,只得以朱圍之,仍於卷末書校官 姓名。 五代方鎮割據,多於舊賦之外,重取於民。國初悉皆蠲正,稅額 一定。其間有或重輕未均處,隨事均之。福、歙州稅額太重,福州則令以 錢二貫五百折納絹一疋,歙州輸官之絹止重數兩。太原府輸賦全除,乃以 減價糴糶補之。後人往往疑福、歙折絹太貴,太原折米太賤,蓋不見當時 均賦之意也。 夏秋沿納之物,如鹽麴錢之類,名件煩碎。慶歷中,有司 建議併合,歸一名以省帳鈔。程文簡為三司使,獨以謂仍舊為便,若沒其 舊名,異日不知。或再敷鹽麴,則致重復。此亦善慮事也。 近歲邢、壽 兩郡,各斷一獄,用法皆誤,為刑曹所駁。壽州有人殺妻之父母昆弟數口 ,州司以不道,緣坐妻子。刑曹駁曰:「毆妻之父母,即是義絕,況其謀 殺。不當復坐其妻。」邢州有盜殺一家,其夫婦即時死,唯一子明日乃死 。其家財產戶絕法給出嫁親女。刑曹駁曰:「其家父母死時,其子尚生, 財產乃子物;出嫁親女,乃出嫁姐妹,不合有分。」此二事略同,一失於 生者,一失於死者。 深州舊治靖安,其地鹼滷。不可藝植,井泉悉是惡 滷。景德中,議遷州。時傅潛家在李晏,乃秦請遷州於李晏,今深州是也 。土之不毛,無以異於舊州,鹽鹼殆與土半,城郭朝補暮壞;至於薪芻, 亦資於他邑。唯胡盧水粗給居民,然原自外來,亦非邊城之利。舊州之北 ,有安平、饒陽兩邑,田野饒沃,人物繁庶,正當徐村之口,與祁州、永 寧犬牙相望。不移州於此,而恤其私利,亟城李晏者,潛之罪也。 律云 :「免官者,三載之後,降先品二等敘。免所居官及官當者,期年之後, 降先品一等敘。」「降先品」者,謂免官二官皆免,則從未降之品降二等 敘之。「免所居官及官當,」止一官,故降未降之品一等敘之。今敘官乃 從見存之官更降一等者,誤曉律意也。 律累降雖多,各不得過四等。此 止法者,不徒為之,蓋有所礙,不得不止。據律,「更犯有歷任官者,仍 累降之;所降雖多,各不得過四等。」註:「各,謂二官各降,不在通計 之限。」二官,謂職事官、散官、衛官為一官;勳官為一官。二官各四等 ,不得通計,乃是共降八等而止。余考其義,蓋除名敘法:正四品於正七 品下敘,從四品於正八品上敘,即是降先品九等。免官、官當若降五等, 則反重於除名,此不得不止也。此律今雖不用,然用法者須知立法之意, 則於新格無所抵梧。余檢正刑房公事日,曾遍詢老法官,無一人曉此意者 。 邊城守具中有戰棚,以長木抗於女牆之上,大體類敵樓,可以離合, 設之頃刻可就,以備倉卒城樓摧壞或無樓處受攻,則急張戰棚以監之。梁 侯景攻台城,為高樓以臨城,城上亦為樓以拒之,使壯士交槊,斗於樓上 ,亦近此類。預備敵人,非倉卒可致。近歲邊臣有議,以謂既有敵樓,則 戰棚悉可廢省,恐講之未熟也。 鞠真卿守潤州,民有斗毆者,本罪之外 ,別令先毆者出錢以與後應者。小人靳財,兼不憤輸錢於敵人,終日紛爭 ,相視無敢先下手者。 曹州人趙諫嘗為小官,以罪廢,唯以錄人陰事控 制閭裡,無敢迕其意者。人畏之甚於寇盜,官司亦為其羈紲,俯仰取容而 已。兵部員外郎謝濤知曹州,盡得其凶跡,逮系有司,具前後巨蟪狀秦列 ,章下御史府按治。奸贓狼籍,遂論棄市,曹人皆相賀。因此有「告不干 已事法」著於敕律。 驛傳舊有三等,日步遞、馬遞、急腳遞。急腳遞最 遽,日行四百裡,唯軍興則用之,熙寧中,又有金字牌急腳遞,如古之羽 檄也。以木牌朱漆黃金字,光明眩目,過如飛電,望之者無不避路,日行 五百余時。有軍前機速處分,則自御前發下,三省、樞密院莫得與也。 皇祐二年,吳中大饑,殍殣枕路,是時範文正領浙西,發粟及募民存餉, 為術甚備,吳人喜競渡,好為佛事。希文乃縱民競渡,太守日出宴於湖上 ,自春至夏,居民空巷出游。又召諸佛寺主首,諭之曰:「饑歲工價至賤 ,可以大興土木之役。」於是諸寺工作鼎興。又新敖倉吏捨,日役千夫。 監司奏劾杭州不恤荒政,嬉游不節,及公私興造,傷耗民力,文正乃自條 敘所以宴游及興造,皆欲以發有餘之財,以惠貧者。貿易飲食、工技服力 之人,仰食於公私者,日無慮數萬人。荒政之施,莫此為大。是歲,兩浙 唯杭州晏然,民不流徙,皆文正之惠也。歲饑發司農之粟,募民興利,近 歲遂著為令。既已恤饑,因之以成就民利,此先王之美澤也。 凡師行, 因糧於敵,最為急務。運糧不但多費。而勢難行遠。余嘗計之,人負米六 鬥,卒自攜五日乾糧,人餉一卒,一去可十八日:米六斗,人食日二升。 二人食之,十八日盡。若計復回,只可進九日。二人餉一卒,一去可二十 六日;米一石二鬥,三人食,日六升,八日,則一夫所負已盡,給六日糧 遣回。後十八日,二人食,日四升並糧。若計復回,止可進十三日。前八 日,日食六升。後五日並回程,日食四升並糧。三人餉一卒,一去可三十 一日;米一石八斗,前六日半,四人食,日八升。減一夫,給四日糧。十 七日,三人食,日六升。又減一夫,給九日糧。後十八日,二人食,日四 升並糧。計復回,止可進十六日。前六日半,日食八升。中七日,日食六 升,後十一日並回程,日食四升並糧。三人餉一卒,極矣,若興師十萬。 輜重三之一,止得駐戰之卒七萬人,已用三十萬人運糧,此外難復加矣。 放回運人,須有援卒。緣運行死亡疾病,人數稍減,且以所減之食,準援 卒所費。運糧之法,人負六斗,此以總數率之也。其間隊長不負,樵汲減 半,所余皆均在眾夫。更有死亡疾病者,所負之米,又以均之。則人所負 ,常不啻六斗矣。故軍中不容冗食,一夫冗食,二三人餉之。尚或不足。 若以畜乘運之,則駝負三石,馬騾一石五鬥,驢一石。比之人遠,雖負多 而費寡,然芻牧不時,畜多瘦死。一畜死,則並所負棄之。較之人負,利 害相半。 忠、萬間夷人,祥符中嘗寇掠,邊臣苟務懷來,使人招其酋長 ,祿之以券粟。自後有效而為之者,不得已,又以券招之。其間紛爭者, 至有自陳:「若某人,才殺掠若干人,遂得一券;我凡殺兵民數倍之多, 豈得亦以一券見紿?」互相計校,為寇甚者,則受多券。熙寧中會之,前 後凡給四百余券,子孫相承,世世不絕。因其為盜,悉誅鉏之,罷其舊券 ,一切不與。自是夷人畏威,不復犯塞。 慶歷中,河決北都商胡,久之 未塞,三司度支副使郭申錫親住董作。凡塞河決垂合,中間一埽,謂之「 合龍門」,功全在此。是時屢塞不合。時合楷門埽長六十步。有水工高超 者獻議,以謂埽身太長,人力不能壓,埽不至水底,礦河流不斷,而繩纜 多絕。今當以六十步為三節,每節埽長二十步,中間以索連屬之,先下第 一節,待其至底空壓第二、第三。舊工爭之,以為不可,云:「二十步埽 ,不能斷漏。徒用三節,所費當倍,而決不塞。」超謂之曰:「第一埽水 信未斷,然勢必殺半。壓第二埽,止用半力,水縱未斷,不過小漏耳。第 三節乃平地施工,足以盡人力。處置三節既定,即上兩節自為濁泥所淤, 不煩人功。」申錫主前議,不聽超說。是時賈魏分帥北門,獨以超之言為 然,陰遣數千人於下流收漉流埽。既定而埽果流,而河決愈甚,申錫坐謫 。卒用超計,商胡方定。 鹽之品至多,前史所載,夷狄間自有十餘種; 中國所出,亦不減數十種。今公私能行者四種:一者「末鹽,」海鹽也, 河北、京、東、淮南、兩浙、江南東西、荊湖南北、福建、廣南東西十一 路食之。其次「顆鹽」,解州鹽澤及晉、絳、潞、澤所出,京幾、南京、 京西、陝西、河東、褒、劍等處食之。又次「井鹽」,鑿井取之,蓋、梓 、利、夔四路食之。又次「崖鹽」,生於土崖之間,階、成、鳳等州食之 。唯陝西路顆鹽有定課,歲為錢二百三十萬緡;自余盈虛不常,大約歲入 二千餘萬緡。唯末鹽歲自抄三百萬,供河北邊糴;其他皆給本處經費而已 。緣邊糴買仰給於度支者,河北則海、末鹽,河東、陝西則顆鹽及蜀茶為 多。運鹽之法,凡行百裡,陸運斤四錢,船運斤一錢,以此為率。 太常 博士李處厚知廬州慎縣,嘗有毆人死者,處厚往驗傷,以糟 灰湯之類薄 之,者無傷跡,有一老父求見曰:「邑之老書史也。知驗傷不見其跡,此 易辨也。以新赤油繖日中覆之,以水沃其屍,其跡必見。」處厚如其言, 傷跡宛然。自此江,淮之間官司往往用此法。 錢塘江,錢氏時為石堤, 堤外又植大木十餘行,謂之「滉柱」。寶元、康定間,人有獻議取滉柱, 可得良材數十萬。杭帥以為然。既而舊木出水,皆朽敗不可用。而滉柱一 空,石堤為洪濤所激,歲歲摧決。蓋昔人埋柱以折其怒勢,不與水爭力, 故江濤不能為患。杜偉長為轉運使,人有獻說,自浙江稅場以東,移退數 里為月堤,以避怒水。眾水工皆以為便,獨一老水工以為不然,密諭其黨 日:「移堤則歲無水患,若曹何所衣食?」眾人樂其利,乃從而和之。偉 長不悟其計,費以鉅萬,而江堤之害,仍歲有之。近年乃講月堤之利,濤 害稍稀。然猶不若滉柱之利,然所費至多,不復可為。 陝西顆鹽,舊法 官自搬運,置務拘賣。兵部員外郎范祥始為鈔法,令商人就邊郡入錢四貫 八百售一鈔,至解池請鹽二百斤,任其私賣,得錢以實塞下,省數十郡搬 運之勞。異日輦車牛驢以鹽役死者,歲以萬計,冒禁抵罪者,不可勝數; 至此悉免。行之既久,鹽價時有低昂,又於京師置都鹽院,陝西轉運司自 遣官主之。京師食鹽,斤不足三十五錢,則斂而不發,以長鹽價;過四十 ,則大發庫鹽,以壓商利。使鹽價有常,而鈔法有定數。行之數十年,至 今以為利也。 河北鹽法,太祖皇帝嘗降墨敕,聽民間賈販,唯收稅錢, 不許官榷。其後有司屢請閉固,仁宗皇帝又有批詔云:「朕終不使河北百 姓常食貴鹽。」獻議者悉罷遺之。河北父老,皆掌中掬灰,藉火焚香,望 闕歡呼稱謝。熙寧中,復有獻謀者。余時在三司,求訪兩朝墨敕不獲,然 人人能誦其言,議亦竟寢。 【卷十二 官政二】 淮南漕渠,築埭以畜水,不知始於何時,舊傳召伯埭謝公所為。按李翱《 來南錄》,唐時猶是流水,不應謝公時已作此埭。天聖中,監真州排岸司 右禁陶鑒始議為復閘節水,以省舟船過埭之勞。是時工部郎中方仲荀、文 思使張綸為發運使、副,表行之,始為真州閘。歲省冗卒五百人,雜費百 二十五萬。運舟舊法,舟載米不過三百石。閘成,始為四百石船。其後所 載浸多,官船至七百石;私船受米八百余囊,囊二石。自後,北神、召伯 、龍舟、茱萸諸埭,相次廢革,至今為利。余元豐中過真州,江亭後糞壤 中見一臥石,乃胡武平為《水閘記》,略敘其事,而不甚詳具。 張杲卿 丞相知潤州日,有婦人夫出外數日不歸,忽有人報菜園井中有死人,婦人 驚往視之。號哭曰:「吾夫也。」遂以聞官。公令屬官集鄰里就井驗是其 夫與非,眾皆以井深不可辨,請出屍驗之。公曰:「眾皆不能辨,婦人獨 何以知其為夫?」收付所司鞠問,裡奸人殺其夫,婦人與聞其謀。 慶歷 中,議弛茶鹽之禁及減商稅。範文正以為不可:茶鹽商稅之入,但分減商 賈之利耳,行於商賈未甚有害也;今國用未減,歲入不可闕,既不取之於 山澤及商賈,須取之於農。與其害農,孰若取之於商賈?今為計莫若先省 國用;國用有餘,當憲寬賦役;然後及商賈。弛禁非所當先也。其議遂寢 。 真宗皇帝南衙日,開封府十七縣皆以歲旱放稅,即有飛語聞上,欲有 所中傷。太宗不悅。御史探上意,皆露章言開封府放稅過實,有旨下京東 、西兩路諸州選官覆按。內亳州當按太康,鹹平兩縣。是時曾會知亳州, 王冀公在幕下,曾愛其識度,常以公相期之。至是遣冀公行,仍戒之曰: 「此行所系事體不輕,不宜小有高下。」冀公至兩邑,按行甚詳。其余抗 言放稅過多,追收所稅物,而冀公獨乞全放,人皆危之。明年,真宗即位 。首擢冀公為右正言,仍謂輔臣曰:「當此之時,朕亦自危懼。欽若小官 ,敢獨為百姓伸理,此大臣節也。」自後進用超越,卒至入相。 國朝初 平江南,歲鑄七萬貫。自後稍增廣,至天聖中,歲鑄一百余萬貫。慶歷間 ,至三百萬貫。熙寧六年以後,歲鑄銅鐵錢六百余萬貫。 天下吏人,素 無常祿,唯以受賕為生,往往致富者。熙寧三年,始制天下吏祿,而設重 法以絕請托之弊。是歲,京師諸司歲支吏祿錢三千八百三十四貫二百五十 四。歲歲增廣,至熙寧八年,歲支三十七萬一千五百三十三貫一百七十八 。自後增損不常皆不過此數,京師舊有祿者,及天下吏祿,皆不預此數。 國朝茶利,除官本及雜費外,淨入錢禁榷時取一年最中數,計一百九萬四 千九十三貫八百八十五,內六十四萬九千六十九貫茶淨利。賣茶,嘉祐二 年收十六萬四百三十一貫五百二十七,除元本及雜費外,得淨利十萬六千 九百五十七貫六百八十五。客茶交引錢,嘉祐三年,除元本及雜費外,得 淨利五十四萬二千一百一十一貫五百二十四。四十四萬五千二十四貫六百 七十茶稅錢。最中嘉祐元年所收數,除川茶錢在外。通商後來,取一年最 中數,計一百一十七萬五千一百四貫五百二十四。四十四萬五千二十四貫 九百一十九錢,內三十六萬九千七十二貫四百七十一錢茶租,嘉祐四年通 商,立定茶交引錢六十八萬四千三百二十一貫三百八十,後累經減放,至 治平二年,最中分收上數。八十萬六千三十二貫六百四十八錢茶稅。最中 治平三年,除川茶稅錢外會此數。 本朝茶法:乾德二祐年,始詔在京、 建州、漢、蘄口各置榷貨務。五年,始禁私賣茶,從不應為情理重。太平 興國二年,刪定禁法條貫,始立等科罪。淳化二年,令商賈就園戶買茶, 公於官場貼射,始行貼射法。淳化四年,初行交引,罷貼射法。西北入粟 ,給交引,自通利軍始。是歲,罷諸處榷貨務,尋復依舊。至鹹平元年, 茶利錢以一百三十九萬二千一百一十九貫三百一十九為額。至嘉祐三年, 凡六十一年,用此額,官本雜費皆在內,中間時有增虧,歲入不常。鹹平 五年,三司使王嗣宗始立三分法,以十分茶價,四分給香藥,三分犀象, 三分茶引。六年,又改支六分香藥犀象,四分茶引。景德二年,許人入中 錢帛金銀,謂之三說。至祥符九年,茶引益輕,用知秦州曹瑋議,就永興 、鳳翔以官錢收買客引,以捄引價,前此累增加饒錢。至天禧二年,鎮戎 軍納大麥一鬥,本價通加饒,共支錢一貫二百五十四。乾興元年,改三分 法,支茶引三分,東南見錢二分半,香藥四分半。天聖元年,復行貼射法 ,行之三年,茶利盡歸大商,官場但得黃晚惡茶,乃詔孫奭重議,罷貼射 法。明年,推治元議省吏、計覆官、旬獻等,皆決配沙門島;元詳定樞密 副使張鄧公、參知政事呂許公、魯肅簡各罰俸一月,御史中丞劉筠、入內 內侍省副都知周文質、西上閤門使薛昭廓、三部副使,各罰銅二十斤;前 三司使李諮落樞密直學士,依舊知洪州。皇祐三年,算茶依舊只用見錢。 至嘉祐四年二月五日,降敕罷茶禁。 國朝六榷貨務,十三山場,都賣茶 歲一千五十三萬三千七百四十七斤半,祖額錢二百二十五萬四千四十七貫 一十。其六榷貨務取最中,嘉祐六年拋占茶五百七十三萬六千七百八十六 斤半,祖額錢一百九十六萬四千六百四十七貫二百七十八:荊南府祖額錢 三十一萬五千一百四十八貫三百七十五,受納潭、鼎、澧、岳、歸、峽州 、荊南府片散茶共八十七萬五千三百五十七斤;漢陽軍祖額錢二十一萬八 千三百二十一貫五十一,受納鄂州片茶二十三萬八千三百斤半;蘄州蘄口 祖額錢三十五萬九千八百三十九貫八百一十四,受納潭、建州、興國軍片 茶五十萬斤;無為軍祖額錢三十四萬入千六百二十貫四百三十,受納潭、 筠、袁、池、饒、建、歙、江、洪州、南康、興國軍片散茶共八十四萬二 千三百三十三斤;真州祖額錢五十一萬四千二十二貫九百三十二,受納潭 、袁、池、饒、歙、建、撫、筠、宣、江、吉、洪州、興國、臨江、南康 軍片散茶共二百八十五萬六千二百六斤;海州祖額錢三十萬八千七百三貫 六百七十六,受納睦、湖、杭、越、衢、溫、婺、台、常、明饒、歙州片 散茶共四十二萬四千五百九十斤。十三山場祖額錢共二十八萬九千三百九 十九貫七百三十二,共買茶四百七十九萬六千九百六十一斤:光州光山場 買茶三十萬七千二百十六斤,賣錢一萬二千四百五十六貫;子安場買茶二 十二萬八千三十斤,賣錢一萬三千六百八十九貫三百四十八;商城場買茶 四十萬五百五十三斤,賣錢二萬七千七十九貫四百四十六;壽州麻步場買 茶三十三萬一千八百三十三斤,賣錢三萬四千八百一十一貫三百五十;霍 山場買茶五十三萬二千三百九斤,賣錢三萬五千五百九十五貫四百八十九 ;開順場買茶二十六萬九千七十七斤,賣錢一萬七千一百三十貫;廬州王 同場買茶二十九萬七千三百二十八斤,賣錢一萬四三百五十七貫六百四十 二;黃州麻城場買茶二十八萬四千二百七十四斤,賣錢一萬二千五百四十 貫;舒州羅源場買茶一十八萬五千八十二斤,賣錢一萬四百六十九貫七百 八十五;大湖場買茶八十二萬九千三十二斤,賣錢三萬六千九十六貫六百 八十;蘄州洗馬場買茶四十萬斤,賣錢二萬六千三百六十貫;王祺場買茶 一十八萬二千二百二十七斤,賣錢一萬一千九百五十三貫九百九十二;石 橋場買茶五十五萬斤,賣錢三萬六千八十貫。 發運司歲供京師米,以六 百萬石為額:淮南一百三十萬石,江南東路九十九萬一千一百石,江南西 路一百二十萬八千九百石,荊湖南路六十五萬石,荊湖北路三十五萬石, 兩浙路一百五十萬石,通余羨歲入六百二十萬石。 熙寧中,廢並天下州 縣。迄八年,凡廢州、軍、監三十一:儀、滑、慈、鄭、集、萬、乾、儋 、南儀、復、蒙、春、陵、憲、遼、竇、壁、梅、漢陽、通利、寧化、光 化、清平、永康、荊門、廣濟、高郵、江陰、富順、漣水、宣化。廢縣一 百二十七:晉州、趙城。杭州、南新。普州、普康。磁州、昭德。華州、 渭南。德州、德平。陵州、貴平、籍縣。忠州、桂溪。兗州、鄒縣。廣州 、信安、四會。陝府、胡城。峽石。河中、河西、永樂。巴州、七盤、其 章。坊州、升平、春州、銅陵。北京、大名、洹水、經城、永濟。莫州、 鄚、長豐。梧州、戎城。邛州、臨溪。梓州、永泰。河陽、汜水。滄州、 饒安、臨津。融州、武陽、羅城。像州、武化。歸州、興山。汝州、龍興 。懷州、脩武、武陟。道州、營道。慶州、樂幡、華池。瀛州、束城、景 城。順安、高陽。澶州、頓丘。洺州、曲周、臨洺。丹州、雲巖、汾川。 潞州、黎城。瓊州、捨城。火山、火山。橫州、永定。宜州、古陽、禮丹 、金城、述昆。汾州、孝義。延州、金明、豐林、延水。太原、平晉。隨 州、光化。邢州、堯山、任縣、平鄉。秦州、長道。達州、三山、石鼓、 蜀。揚州、廣陵。趙州、柏平、柏鄉、贊皇。雅州、百丈、榮經。祁州、 保澤。同州、夏陽。嘉州、平羌。河南、洛陽、福昌、穎陽、緱氏、伊闕 。濱州、相安。慈州、文城、吉鄉。成都、犀浦。戎州,宜賓。綿州,高 昌。榮州、公井。寧化、寧化。乾寧、乾寧。真寧、靈壽、井陘。荊南、 建寧、支江。辰州、麻陽、招化。陳州、南頓。桂州、脩仁、永寧。安州 、雲夢。忻州、定襄。劍門關、劍門。漢陽、漢川。恩州、清陽。熙州、 狄道。河州、枹罕。衛州、新鄉、衛。渝州、南川。虢州、玉城。果州、 流溪。利州、平蜀。許州、許田。岢嵐、嵐石。蓬州、蓬山、良山、冀州 、新珂。涪州、溫山、閬州、晉安、岐平、復州、王涉。潤州。延陵。 【卷十三 權智】 陵州鹽井,深五百余尺,皆石也。上下甚寬廣,獨中間稍狹,謂之杖鼓腰 。舊自吉底用柏木為榦,上出井口,自木榦垂綆而下,方能至水。井側設 大車絞之。歲久,井榦摧敗,屢欲新之,而井中陰氣襲人,入者輒死,無 緣措手。惟侯有雨入井,則陰氣隨雨而下,稍可施工,雨睛復止。後有人 以一木盤,滿中貯水,盤底為小竅,釃水一如雨點,設於井上,謂之雨盤 ,令水下終日不絕。如此數月,井榦為之一新,而陵井之利復舊。 世人 以竹、木、牙、骨之類為叫子,置人喉中吹之,能作人言,謂之「顙叫子 」。嘗有病瘖者,為人所若,煩冤無以自言。聽訟者試取叫子令顙之,作 聲如傀儡子。粗能辨其一二,其冤獲申。此亦可記也。 《莊子》曰:「 畜虎者不與全物、生物。」此為誠言。嘗有人善調山鷓,使之鬥,莫可與 敵。人有得其術者,每食則以山鷓皮裹肉哺之,久之,望見其鷓,則欲搏 而食之。此以所養移其性也。 寶元中,黨項犯塞,時新募萬勝軍,未習 戰陳,遇寇多北。狄青為將,一日盡取萬勝旗付虎冀軍,使之出戰。虜望 其旗,易之,全軍徑趨,為虎翼所破,殆無遺類。又青在涇、原,嘗以寡 當眾,度必以奇勝。預戒軍中,盡捨弓弩,皆執短兵器。令軍中:聞鉦一 聲則止;再聲則嚴陣而陽卻;鉦聲止則大呼而突之。士卒皆如其教。才遇 敵,未接戰,遽聲鉦,士卒皆止;再聲,皆卻。虜人大笑,相謂曰:「孰 謂狄天使勇?」時虜人謂青為「天使」鉦聲止,忽前突之,虜兵大亂,相 蹂踐死者,不可勝計也。 狄青為樞密副使,宣撫廣西。時儂智高崑崙關 。青至賓州,值上元節,令大張燈燭,首夜燕將佐,次夜燕從軍官,三夜 饗軍校。首夜樂飲徹曉。次夜二鼓時,青忽稱疾,暫起如內。久之,使人 諭孫元規,令暫主席行酒,少服藥乃出,數使人勤勞座客,至曉,各未敢 退。忽有馳報者雲,是夜三鼓,青已奪崑崙矣。 曹南院知鎮戎軍日,嘗 出戰爭小捷,虜兵引去。瑋偵虜兵起遠,乃驅所掠牛羊輜重,緩驅而還, 頗失部伍。其下憂之,言於瑋曰:「牛羊無用,徒縻軍,若棄之,整眾而 歸。」瑋不答,使人侯。虜兵去數十里,聞瑋利牛羊而師不整,遽襲之。 瑋愈緩,行得地利處,乃止以待之。虜軍將至近,使人謂之曰:「蕃軍遠 來,幾甚疲。我不欲乘人之怠,請休憩士馬,少選決戰。」虜方苦疲甚, 皆欣然,嚴軍歇良久。瑋又使人諭之:「歇定可相馳矣。」於是各鼓軍而 進一戰大破虜師,遂棄牛羊而還。徐謂其下曰:「吾知虜已疲,故為貪利 認誘之。此其復來,幾行百裡矣,若乘銳便戰,猶有勝負。遠行之人若小 憩,則足痺不能立,人氣亦闌,吾以此取之。」 余友人有任術者,嘗為 延州臨真尉,攜家出宜秋門。是時茶禁甚嚴。家人懷越茶數斤,稠人中馬 驚,茶忽墜地。其人陽驚,回身以鞭指城門鴟尾。市人莫測,皆隨鞭所指 望之,茶囊已碎於埃壤矣。監司嘗使治地訟,其地多山,嶮不可登,由此 數為訟者所欺。乃呼訟者告之曰:「吾不忍盡爾,當貰爾半。爾所有之地 ,兩畝止供一畝,慎不可欺,欺則盡覆入官矣。」民信之,盡其所有供半 。既而指一處覆之,文致其參差處,責之曰:「我戒爾無得欺,何為見負 ?今盡入爾田矣。」凡供一畝者,悉作兩畝收之,更無一犁得隱者。其權 數多此類。其為人強毅恢廓,亦一時之豪也。 王元澤數歲時,客有以一 獐一鹿同籠以問雱:「何者是獐,何者是鹿?」雱實未識,良久對曰:「 獐邊者是鹿,鹿邊者是獐。」客大奇之。 濠州定遠縣一弓手,善用矛, 遠近皆伏其能。有一偷,亦善擊剌,常蔑視官軍,唯與此弓手不相下,曰 :「見必與之決生死。」一日,弓手者因事至村步,適值偷在市飲灑,勢 不可避,遂曳矛而鬥。觀者如堵牆。久之,各未能進。弓手者忽謂偷曰: 「尉至矣。我與爾皆健者,汝敢與我尉馬前決生死乎?」偷曰:「喏。」 弓手應聲剌之,一舉而斃,蓋乘其隙也。又有人曾遇強寇鬥,矛刃方接, 寇先含水滿口,噀其面。其人愕然,刃已揕胸。後有一壯士復與寇遇,已 先知□水之事。寇復用之,水才出口,矛已洞頸。蓋已陳芻狗,其機已洩 ,恃勝失備,反受其害。 陝西因洪水下大石,塞山澗中,水遂橫流為害 。石之大有如屋者,人力不能去,州縣患之。雷簡夫為縣令,乃使人各於 石下穿一穴,度如石大,挽石人穴窖之,水患遂息也。 熙寧中,高麗人 貢,所經州縣,悉要地圖,所至皆造送,山川道路,形熱險易,無不備載 ,至揚州,牒州取地圖。是時丞相陳秀公守揚,紿使者欲盡見兩浙所供供 圖,仿其規模供造。及圖至,都聚而焚之,具以事聞。 狄青戍涇原日, 嘗與虜戰,大勝,追奔數里。虜忽壅遏山踴,知其前必遇險。士卒皆欲奮 擊。青遽鳴鉦止之,虜得引去。驗其處,果臨深澗,將佐皆侮不擊。青獨 曰:「不然。奔亡之虜,忽止而拒我,安知非謀?軍已大勝,殘寇不足利 ,得之無所加重;萬一落其術中,存亡不可知。寧悔不擊,不可悔不止。 」青後平嶺寇,賊帥儂智高兵敗奔邕州,其下皆欲窮其窟穴。青亦不從, 以謂趨利乘勢,入不測之城,非大將軍。智高因而獲免。天下皆罪青不入 邕州,脫智高於垂死。然青之用兵,主勝而已。不求奇功,故未嘗大敗。 計功最多,卒為名將。譬如弈棋,已勝敵可止矣,然猶攻擊不已,往往大 敗。此青之所戒也,臨利而能戒,乃青之過人處也。 瓦橋關北與遼人為 鄰,素無關河為陰。往歲六宅使何承矩守瓦橋,始議因陂澤之地,瀦水為 塞。欲自相視,恐其謀洩。日會僚佐,泛船置酒賞蓼花,作《蓼花游》數 十篇,令座客屬和;畫以為圖,傳至京師,人莫喻其意。自此始壅諸澱。 慶歷中,內侍楊懷敏復踵為之。至熙寧中,又開徐村、柳莊等濼,皆以徐 、鮑、沙、唐等河、叫猴、雞距、五眼等泉為之原,東合滹沱、漳、淇、 易、白等水並大河。於是自保州西北沈遠濼,東盡滄州泥枯海口,幾八百 裡,悉為瀦潦,闊者有及六十里者,至今倚為藩籬。或謂侵蝕民田,歲失 邊粟之入,此殊不然。深、冀、滄、瀛間、惟大河、滹沱,漳水所淤,方 為美田;淤澱不至處,悉是斥鹵,不可種藝。異日惟是聚集游民,亂鹼煮 鹽,頗干鹽禁,時為寇盜。自為瀦濼,奸鹽遂少。而魚蟹菰葦之利,人亦 賴之。 浙帥錢鏐時,宣州叛卒五千餘人送款,錢氏納之,以為腹心。時 羅隱在其幕下,屢諫,以謂敵國之人,不呆輕信;浙帥不聽,杭州新治城 堞,樓櫓甚盛,浙帥攜寮客觀之。隱指卻敵,佯不曉曰:「設此何用?」 浙帥曰:「君豈不知欲備敵邪!」隱謬曰:「審如是,何不向裡設之?」 浙帥大笑曰:「本欲拒敵,設於內何用?」對曰:「以隱所見,正當設於 內耳。」蓋指宣卒將為敵也,後浙帥巡衣錦城,武勇指揮使徐綰、許再思 挾宣卒為亂,火青山鎮,入攻中城。賴城中有備,綰等尋販,幾於覆國。 淳化中,李繼捧為定難軍節度使,陰與其弟繼遷謀叛,朝廷遣李繼隆率兵 討之。繼隆馳至克胡,度河入延福縣,自鐵茄驛夜入綏州,謀其所向。繼 隆欲徑襲夏州。或以夏州賊帥所在,我兵少,恐不能克,不若先據石堡, 以觀賊勢。繼隆以為不然,曰:「我兵既少,若徑入夏州,出其不意,彼 亦未能料我眾寡。若先據石堡,眾寡已露,豈復能進?」乃引兵馳入撫寧 縣,繼捧猶未知,遂進攻夏州。斷捧狼狽出迎,擒之以歸。撫寧舊治無定 河川中,數為虜所危。繼隆乃遷縣於滴水崖在舊縣之北十餘里,皆石崖, 峭拔十餘丈,下臨無水,今謂之羅瓦城者是也。熙寧中所治撫寧城,乃撫 寧舊城耳。本道圖牒皆不載,唯李繼隆《西征記》言之甚詳也。 熙寧中 ,黨項母梁氏引兵犯慶州大順城。慶帥遣別將林廣拒守,虜圍不解。廣使 城兵皆以弱弓弩射之。虜度其勢之所及,稍稍近城,乃易強弓勁弩叢射。 虜多死,遂相擁而潰。 蘇州至昆山縣凡六十里,皆淺水,無陸途,民頗 病涉。久欲為長堤,但蘇州皆澤國,無處求土。嘉祐中,人有獻計,就水 中以蘧芻癗為牆,栽兩行,相去三尺。去牆六丈又為一牆,亦如此。漉水 中淤泥實蘧蒢中,候干,則以水車畎去兩牆之間舊水。牆間六丈皆土,留 其半以為堤腳,掘其半為渠,取土以為堤,每三四里則為一橋,以通南北 之水。不日堤成,至今為利。 李允則守雄州,北門外民居極多,城中地 窄,欲展北城,而以遼人通好,恐其生事,門外舊有東岳行宮,允則以銀 為大香爐,陳於廟中,故不設備。一日,銀爐為盜所攘,乃大出募賞,所 在張榜,捕賊甚急。久之不獲,遂聲言廟中屢遭寇,課夫築牆圍之。其實 展北城也,不逾旬而就,虜人亦不怪之,則今雄州北關城是也。大都軍中 詐謀,未必皆奇策,但當時偶能欺敵,而成奇功。時人有語云:「用得著 ,敵人休;用不著,自家羞。」斯言誠然。 陳述古密直知建州浦城縣日 ,有人失物,捕得莫知的為盜者。述古乃紿之曰:「某廟有一鐘,能辨盜 ,至靈!」使人迎置後閤祠之,引群囚立鐘前,自陳不為盜者,摸之則無 聲;為盜者摸之則有聲。述古自率同職,禱鐘甚肅,祭訖,以帷帷之,乃 陰使人以墨塗鐘,良久,引囚逐一令引手入帷摸之,出乃驗其手,皆有墨 。唯有一囚無墨,訊之,遂承為盜。蓋恐鐘有聲,不敢摸也。此亦古之法 ,出於小說。 熙寧中,濉陽界中發汴堤淤田,汴水暴至,堤防頗壞陷, 將毀,人力不可制。都水丞侯叔獻時蒞其役,相視其上數十里有一古城, 急發汴堤注水入古城中,下流遂涸,急使人治堤陷。次日,古城中水盈, 汴流復行,而堤陷已完矣,徐塞古城所決,內外之水,平而不流,瞬息可 塞,眾皆伏其機敏。 寶元中,黨項犯邊,有明珠族首領驍悍,最為邊患 。種世衡為將,欲以計擒之。聞其好擊鼓,乃造一馬,持戰鼓,以銀裹之 ,極華煥,密使諜者陽賣之入明珠族。後乃擇驍卒數百人,戒之曰:「凡 見負銀鼓自隨者,並力擒之。」一日,羌酋負鼓而出,遂為世衡所擒,又 元昊之臣野利,常為謀主,守天都山,號天都大王,與元昊乳母白姥有隙 。歲除日,野利引兵巡邊,深涉漢境數宿,白姥乘間乃譖其欲叛,元昊疑 之。世衡嘗和蕃酋之子蘇吃曩,厚遇之。聞元昊嘗賜野利寶刀,而吃曩之 父得幸於野利。世衡因使吃曩竊野利刀,許之以緣邊職任、錦袍、真金帶 。吃曩得刀以還。世衡乃唱言野利已為白姥譖死,設祭境上,為祭文,敘 歲除日相見之歡。入夜,乃火燒紙錢,川中盡明,虜見火光,引騎近邊窺 覘,乃佯委祭具,而銀器凡千餘兩悉棄之。虜人爭取器皿,得元昊所賜刀 ,乃火爐中見祭文已燒盡,但存數十字。元昊得之,又識其所賜刀,遂賜 野利死。野利有大功,死不以罪,自此君臣猜貳,以至不能軍。平夏之功 ,世衡計謀居多,當時人未甚知之。世衡卒,乃錄其功,贈觀察使。 【卷十四 藝文一】 歐陽文忠常愛林逋詩「草泥行郭索,雲木叫鉤輈」之句,文忠以謂語新而 屬對新切。鉤輈,鷓鴣聲也,李群玉詩云:「方穿詰曲崎嶇路,又聽鉤輈 格磔聲。」郭索,蟹行貌也。揚雄《太玄》曰:「蟹之郭索,用心躁也。 」 韓退之集中《羅池神碑銘》有「春與猿吟兮秋與鶴飛」,今驗石刻, 乃「春與猿吟兮秋鶴與飛。」古人多用此格,如《楚詞》:「吉日兮辰良 」,又「蕙餚蒸兮蘭藉,奠桂酒兮椒漿。」蓋欲相錯成文,則語勢矯健耳 。杜子美詩:「紅飯啄余鸚鵡粒,碧梧棲老鳳凰枝。」此亦語反而意全。 韓退之《雪詩》:「舞鏡鸞窺沼,行天馬度橋。」亦效此體,然稍牽強, 不若前人之語渾成也。 唐人作富貴詩,多紀其奉養器服之盛,乃貧眼所 驚耳,如貫休《富貴曲》云:「刻成箏柱雁相挨。」此下裡鬻彈者皆有之 ,何足道哉!又韋楚老《蚊詩》云:「十幅紅綃圍夜玉。」十幅紅綃為帳 ,方不及四五尺,不知如何伸腳?此所謂不曾近富兒家。 詩人以詩主人 物,礦雖小詩,莫不埏蹂極工而後已。所謂旬鍛月煉者,信非虛言。小說 崔護《題城南詩》,其始曰:「去年今日此門中,人面桃花相映紅。人面 不知何處去,桃花依舊笑春風。」後以其意未全,語未工,改第三句曰: 「人面只今何處在。」至今傳此兩本,唯《本事詩》作「只今何處在。」 唐人工詩,大率多如此,雖有兩「今」字,不恤也,取語意為主耳,後人 以其有兩「今」字,只多行前篇。 書之闕誤,有可見於他書者。如《詩 》:「天夭是椓。」《後漢蔡邕傳》作「夭夭是加」,與「速速方穀」為 對。又「彼岨矣岐,有夷之行。」《朱浮傳》作「彼擾者岐,有夷之行。 。」《坊記》:「君子之道,譬則坊焉。」《大戴禮》:「君子之道,譬 擾坊焉。」《夬卦》:「君子以施祿及下,居德則忌。」王輔嗣曰:「居 德而明禁。」乃以「則」字為「明」字也。 音韻之學,自沈約為四聲, 及天竺梵學入中國,其術漸密。觀古人諧聲,有不可解者。如玖字、有字 多與李字協用;慶字、正字多與章字、平字協用。如《詩》「或群或友, 以燕天子」;「彼留之子,貽我佩玖」;「投我以木李,報之以瓊玖」; 「終三十裡,十千維耦」;「自今而後,歲其有,君子有穀,貽孫子」; 「陟降左右,令聞不已」;「膳夫左右,無不能止」;「魚麗於罶,□鯉 ,君子有酒,旨且有。」如此極多。又如:「孝孫有慶,萬壽無疆;」; 「黍稷稻梁,農夫之慶」;「唯其有章矣,是以有慶矣」;「則篤其慶, 載錫之光」;「我田既藏,農夫之慶」;「萬舞洋洋,孝孫有慶」;《易 》云「西南得朋,乃與類行;東北喪朋,乃終有慶」;「積善之家,必有 餘慶;積不善之家,必有餘殃」;班固《東都賦》「彰皇德兮侔周成,永 延長兮膺天慶」。如此亦多。今《廣韻》中慶一音卿。然如《詩》之「未 見君子,憂心怲怲;既得君子,庶幾式臧」;「誰秉國成,卒勞百姓;我 王不寧,覆怨其正」;亦是怲、正與寧、平協用,不止慶而已。恐別有理 也。 小律詩雖未技,工之不造微。不足以名家。故唐人皆盡一生之業為 之,至於字字皆煉,得之甚難。但患觀者滅裂,則不見其工,故不唯為之 難,知音亦鮮。設有苦心得之者,未必為人所知。若字字是,皆無瑕可指 。語意亦掞麗,但細論無功,景意縱全,一讀便盡,更無可諷味。此類最 易為人激賞,乃詩之《折楊》《黃華》也。譬若三館楷書作字,不可謂不 精不麗;求其佳處,到死無一筆,此病最難為醫也。 王聖美治字學,演 其義以為右文。古之字書,皆從左文。凡字,其類在左,其義在右。如木 類,其左皆從木。所謂右文者,如戔,小也,水之小者曰淺,金之小者曰 錢,歹而小者曰殘,貝之小者曰賤。如此之類,皆以戔為義也。 王聖美 為縣令時,尚未知名,謁一達官,值其方與客談《孟子》,殊不顧聖美。 聖美竊哂其所論。久之,忽顧聖美曰:「嘗讀《孟子》否?」聖美對曰: 「本生愛之,但都不曉其義。」主人問:「不曉何義?」聖美曰:「從頭 不曉。」主人曰:「如何從頭不曉?試言之。」聖美曰:「『孟子見梁惠 王』,已不曉此語。」達官深訝之,曰:「此有何奧義?」聖美曰:「既 雲孟子不見諸侯,因何見梁惠王?」其人愕然無對。 楊大年奏事,論及 《比紅兒詩》,大年不能對,甚以為恨。遍訪《比紅兒詩》,終不可得。 忽一日,見鬻故書者有一小編,偶取視之,乃《比紅兒詩》也。自此士大 夫始多傳之。予按《摭言》,《比紅兒詩》乃羅虯所為,凡百篇,蓋當時 但傳其詩而不載名氏,大年亦偶忘《摭言》所載。晚唐士人專以小詩著名 ,而讀書滅裂。如白樂天《題座隅詩》云:「俱化為餓殍。」作孚字押韻 。杜牧《杜秋娘詩》云:「厭飫不能飴。」飴乃餳耳,若作飲食,當音飼 。又陸龜蒙作《藥名詩》云:「烏吸蠹根回。」乃是烏喙,非烏啄也。又 「斷續玉琴哀」,藥名止有續斷,無斷續。此類極多。如杜牧《阿房宮賦 》誤用「龍見而雩」事,宇文時斛斯椿已有此繆,蓋牧未嘗讀《周》、《 隋書》也。 往歲士人多尚對偶為文。穆修、張景輩始為平文,當時謂之 古文。穆、張嘗同造朝,待旦於東華門外,方論文次,適見有奔馬踐死一 犬,二人各記其事,以較工拙。穆修曰:「馬逸,有黃犬遇蹄而斃。」張 景曰:「有犬死奔馬之下。」時文體新變,二人之語皆拙澀。當時已謂之 工,傳之至今。 按《史記年表》,周平王東遷二年,魯惠公方即位。則 《春秋》當始惠公,而始隱,故諸儒之論紛然,乃《春秋》開卷第一義也 。唯啖、趙都不解始隱之義,學者常疑之。唯於《纂例》隱公下注八字云 :「惠公二年,平王東遷。」若爾,則《春秋》自合始隱,更無可論,此 啖、趙所以不論也。然與《史記》不同,不知啖、趙得於何書?又嘗見士 人石端集一紀年書,考論諸家年統,極為詳密。其敘平王東遷,亦在惠公 二年。余得之甚喜,亟問石君,雲出一史傳中。遽檢未得,終未見的據。 《史記年表》注東遷在平王元年辛未歲,《本紀》中都無說,《諸侯世家 》言東遷卻盡在庚午歲。 《史記》亦自差謬,莫知其所的。 長安慈恩寺 塔,有唐人盧宗回一詩頗佳,唐人諸集中不載,今記於此:「東來曉日上 翔鸞,西轉蒼龍拂露盤。渭水冷光搖藻井,玉峰晴色墮闌竿。九重宮闕參 差見,百二山河表裡觀。暫輟去蓬悲不定,一憑金界望長安。」 古人詩 有「風定花猶落」之句,以謂無人能對。王荊公以對「鳥鳴山更幽」。「 鳥鳴山更幽」本宋王籍詩,元對「蟬噪林逾靜,鳥鳴山更幽」,上下句只 是一意;「風定花猶落,鳥鳴山更幽」則上句乃靜中有動,下句動中有靜 。荊公始為集句詩,多者至百韻,皆集合前人之句,語意對偶,往往親切 ,過於本詩。後人稍稍有效而為者。 歐陽文忠嘗言曰:「觀人題壁,而 可知其文章矣。」 毗陵郡士人家有一女,姓李氏,方年十六歲,頗能詩 ,甚有佳句,吳人多得之。有《拾得破錢詩》云:「半輪殘月掩塵埃,依 稀猶有開元字。想得清光未破時,買盡人間不平事。」又有《彈琴詩》云 :「昔年剛笑卓文君,豈信絲桐解誤身。今日未彈心已亂,此心元自不由 人。」雖有情致,乃非女子所宜也。 退之《城南聯句》首句曰:「竹影 金鎖碎。」所謂金鎖碎者,乃日光耳,非竹影也。若題中有日字,則曰「 竹影金鎖碎」可也。 【卷十五 藝文二】 切韻之學,本出於西域。漢人訓字,止曰「讀如某字」,未用反切。然古 語已有二聲合為一字者,如「不可」為「叵」,「何不」為「盍」,「如 是」為「爾」,「而已」為「耳」「之乎」為「諸」之類,以西域二合之 音,蓋切字之原也。如「朿」字文從而、犬,亦切音也。殆與聲俱生,莫 知從來。今切韻之法,先類其字,各歸其母,唇音、舌音各八,牙音、喉 音各四,齒音十,半齒半舌音二,凡三十六,分為五音,天下之聲總於是 矣。每聲復有四等,謂清、次清、濁、平也,如顛、天、田、年、邦、駉 、龐、厖之類是也。皆得之自然,非人為之。如幫字橫調之為五音,幫、 當、剛、臧、央是也。幫,宮之清。當,商之清。剛,角之清。藏,徵之 清。央,羽之清。縱調之為四等,幫、滂、傍、茫是也。幫,宮之清。滂 ,宮之次清。傍,宮之濁。茫,宮之不清不濁。就本音本等調之為四聲, 幫、牓傍、博是也。幫,宮清之平。牓宮清之上,傍,宮清之去,博,宮 清之入。四等之聲,多有聲無字者,如封、峰、逢,止有三字;邕、胸, 止有兩字;竦,火,欲,以,皆止有一字。五音亦然,滂、湯、康、蒼, 止有四字。四聲,則有無聲,亦有無字者。如「蕭」字、「餚」字,全韻 皆無入聲。此皆聲之類也。所謂切韻者,上字為切,下字為韻。切須歸本 母,韻須歸本等。切歸本母,謂之音和,如德紅為東之類,德與東同一母 也。字有重、中重、輕、中輕。本等聲盡泛入別等,謂之類隔。雖隔等, 須以其類,謂唇與唇類,齒與齒類,如武延為綿、符兵為平之類是也。韻 歸本等,如冬與東字母皆屬端字,冬乃端字中第一等聲,故都宗切,宗字 第一等韻也。以其歸精字,故精徵音第一等聲;東字乃端字中第三等聲, 故德紅切,紅字第三等韻也,以其歸匣字,故匣羽音第三等聲。又有互用 借聲。類例頗多。大都自沈約為四聲,音韻愈密。然梵學則有華、竺之異 ,南渡之後,又雜以吳音,故音韻厖駁,師法多門。至於所分五音,法亦 不一。如樂家所用,則隨律命之,本無定音,常以濁者為宮,稍清為商, 最清為角,清濁不常為徵,羽。切韻家則定以唇、齒、牙、舌、喉為宮、 商、角、徵、羽。其間雙有半徵、半商者,如來、日二字是也。皆不論清 濁。五行家則以韻類清濁參配,今五姓是也。梵學則喉、牙、齒、舌、唇 之外,又有折、攝二聲。折聲自臍輪起至唇上發。如□浮金反。字之類是 也。攝字鼻音,如歆字鼻中發之類是也。字母則有四十二,曰阿、多、波 、者、那、囉、拖、婆、茶、沙、最、哆、也、瑟吒、二合。迦、娑、麼 、伽、他、社、鎖、呼、拖、前一拖輕呼,此一拖重呼。奢、佉、叉、二 合。娑多、二合。壤、曷拿多、二合。婆、上聲。車、娑麼、二合。訶婆 、縒、伽、上聲。吒、拏娑頗、二合。娑迦、二合。也娑、二合。室者、 二合。佗、陀。為法不同,各有理致。雖先王所不言,然不害有此理。歷 世浸久,學者日深,自當造微耳。 幽州僧行均集佛書中字為切韻訓詁, 凡十六萬字,分四卷,號《龍龕手鏡》,燕僧智光為之序,甚有詞辯。契 丹重熙二年集。契丹書禁甚嚴,傳入中國者法皆死。熙寧中有人自虜中得 之,入傅欽之家。蒲傳正帥浙西,取以鏤版。其序末舊云:「重熙二年五 月序。」蒲公削去之。觀其字音韻次序,皆有理法,後世殆不以其為燕人 也。 古人文章,自應律度,未以音韻為主。自沈約增崇韻學,其論文則 日:「欲使宮羽相變,低昂殊節。若前有浮聲,則後須切響。一簡之內。 音韻尺殊:兩句之中,輕重悉異。妙達此旨,始可言文。」自後浮巧之語 ,體制漸多,如傍犯、蹉對、蹉,音千過反。假對、雙聲、疊韻之類。詩 又有正格、偏格,類例極多。故有三十四格、十九圖,四聲、八病之類。 今略舉數事。如徐陵云:「陪游馺娑,騁纖腰於結風;長樂鴛鴦,奏新聲 於度曲。」又云:「厭長樂之疏鐘,勞中宮之緩箭。」雖兩「長樂」,意 義不同,不為重復,此類為傍犯。如《九歌》:「蕙殽蒸兮蘭藉,奠桂酒 兮椒漿。」當曰「蒸蕙殽,」對「奠桂酒」,今倒用之,謂之蹉對。如「 自朱耶之狼狽,致赤子之流離」,不唯「赤」對「朱」,「耶」對「子」 ,兼「狼狽」、「流離」乃獸名對鳥名。又如「廚人具雞黍,稚子摘楊梅 」,以「雞」對「楊」,如此之類,皆為假對。如「幾家村草裡,吹唱隔 江聞」,「幾家」、「村草」與「吹唱」、「隔江」,皆雙聲。如「月影 侵簪冷,江光逼屐清」,「侵簪」、「逼屐」皆疊韻。計第二字側入。謂 之正格,如:「鳳歷軒轅紀,龍飛四十春」之類。第二字本入謂之偏格, 如「四更山吐月,殘夜水明樓」之類。唐名賢輩詩,多用正格,如杜甫律 詩。用偏格者,十無一二。 文潞公歸洛日,年七十八。同時有中散大夫 程煦、朝議大夫司馬旦、司封郎中致仕席汝言,皆年七十八。嘗為同甲會 ,各賦詩一首。潞公詩曰:「四人三百十二歲,況是同生丙午年。招得梁 園為賦客,合成商嶺采芝仙。清談亹亹風盈席,素發飄飄雪滿肩。此會從 來誠未有,洛中應作畫圖傳。」 晚唐、五代間,士人作賦用事,亦有甚 工者。如江文蔚《天窗賦》:「一竅初啟,如鑿開混沌之時;兩瓦鴥飛, 類化作鴛鴦之後。」又《土牛賦》:「飲渚俄臨,訝盟津之捧塞;度飥倘 許,疑函谷之丸封」。 河中府鸛雀樓,三層,前瞻中條,下瞰大河。唐 人留詩者甚多,唯李益、王之奐、暢諸三篇能狀其景。李益詩曰:「鸛雀 樓西百尺牆,汀洲雲樹共茫茫。漢家簫鼓隨流水,魏國山河半夕陽。事去 千年猶恨速,秋來一日即知長。風煙並在思歸處,遠目非春亦自傷。」王 之奐詩曰:「白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目,更上一層樓。」暢 諸詩曰:「迥臨飛鳥上,高出世塵間,天勢圍平野,河流入斷山。」 慶 歷間,余在金陵,有饔人以一方石鎮肉,視之,若有鐫刻。試取石洗濯, 乃宋海陵王墓銘,謝朓撰並書。其字如鐘繇,極可愛。余攜之十餘年,文 思副使夏元昭借去,遂托以墜水,今不知落何處。此銘朓集中不載,今錄 於此:「中樞誕聖,膺歷受命,於穆二祖,天臨海鏡。顯允世宗,溫文著 性。三善有聲,四國無競。嗣德方衰,時唯介弟。景祚雲及,多難攸啟。 載驟軨獵,高辟代邸。庶辟欣欣,威儀濟濟。亦既負扆,言觀帝則。正位 恭已,臨朝淵嘿。虔思寶締,負荷非克,敬順天人,高遜明德。西光已謝 ,東龜又良。龍纛夕儼,葆挽晨鏘。風搖草色,日照松光。春秋非我,晚 夜何長。」 棗與棘相類,皆有刺。棗獨生,高而少橫枝;棘列生,痺而 成林;以此為別,其文皆從朿音刺,木芒刺也。朿而相戴立生者棗也。朿 而相比橫生者棘也。不識二物者,觀文可辨。 金陵人胡恢博物強記,善 篆隸,臧否人物,坐法失官十餘年,潦倒貧困,赴選集於京師。是時韓魏 公當國,恢獻小詩自達,其一聯曰:「建業開山千里遠,長安風雪一家寒 。」魏公深憐之,令篆太學石經。因此得復官,任華州推官而卒。 熙寧 六年,有司言日當蝕四月朔。上為徹膳,避正殿。一夕微雨,明日不見日 蝕,百官入賀,是日有皇子之慶。蔡子正為樞密副使,獻詩一首,前四句 曰:「昨夜薰風入舜韶,君王未御正衙朝。陽輝已得前星助,陰沴潛隨夜 雨消。」其敘四月一日避殿、皇子慶誕、雲陰不見日蝕,四句盡之。當時 無能過之者。 歐陽文忠好推挽後學。王向少時為三班奉職,干當滁州一 鎮,時文忠守滁州。有書生為學子不行束脩,自往詣之,學子閉門不接。 書生訟於向,向判其牒曰:「禮聞來學,不聞往教。先生既已自屈,弟子 寧不少高?盍二物以收威,豈兩辭而造獄?」書生不直向判,逕持牒以見 歐公。公一閱,大稱其才,遂為之延譽獎進,成就美名,卒為聞人。 【卷十六 藝文三】 士人劉克博觀異書。杜甫詩有「家家養烏鬼,頓頓食黃魚。」世之說者, 皆謂夔、峽間至今有鬼戶,乃夷人也,其主謂之鬼主,然不聞有「烏鬼」 之說。又鬼戶者,夷人所稱,又非人家所養。克乃按《夔州圖經》,稱峽 中人謂鸕茲為「烏鬼」。蜀人臨水居者,皆養鸕茲,繩系其頸,使之捕魚 ,得魚則倒提出之,至今如此。余在蜀中,見人家有養鸕茲使捕魚,信然 ,但不知謂之烏鬼耳。 和魯公凝有艷詞一編,名《香奩集》。凝後貴, 乃嫁其名為韓渥,今世傳韓渥《香奩集》,乃凝所為也。凝生平著述,分 為《演綸》《游藝》《孝悌》《疑獄》《香奩》《籯金》六集,自為《游 藝集序》云:「余有《香奩》《籯金》二集,不行於世。」凝在政府,避 議論,諱其名又欲後人知,故於《游藝集序》實之,此凝之意也。余在秀 州,其曾孫和惇家藏諸書,皆魯公舊物,未有印記,甚完。 蜀人魏野, 隱居不仕宦,善為詩,以詩著名。卜居陝州東門之外,有《陝州平陸縣詩 》云:「寒食花藏縣,重陽菊繞灣。一聲離岸櫓,數點別州山,」最為警 句,所居頗蕭灑,當世顯人多與之遊,寇忠愍尤愛之。嘗有《贈忠愍詩》 云:「好向上天辭富貴,卻來平地作神仙。」後忠愍鎮北都,召野置門下 。北都有妓女,美色而舉止生梗,土人謂之「生張八。」因府會,忠愍令 乞詩於野,野贈之詩曰:「君為北道生張八。我是西州熟魏三。莫怪樽前 無笑語,半生半熟未相諳。」吳正憲《憶陝郊詩》云:「南郭迎天使,東 郊訪隱人。」隱人謂野也。野死,有子閒,亦有清名,今尚居陝中。 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 11-16 [1031-1095 A.D.], by Kuo Shen *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENG XI BI TAN, VOLUME 11-16 *** ***** This file should be named 7314-0.txt or 7314-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/7/3/1/7314/ Produced by Sally Yu Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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