The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by John Caius This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae Author: John Caius Editor: E. S. Roberts Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570] Language: Latin Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** Produced by Louise Hope [Transcriber's Note: This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" (unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The "oe" ligature has been unpacked into the separate letters o and e. Greek words have been transliterated and shown between +marks+. Words shown with _lines_ were italicized in the original. The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius's _Complete Works_. The editor's general introduction says: In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great variety of form in which the original editions were issued would have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._ _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected. Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown in brackets.] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IOANNIS CAII ANGLI, De Pronunciatione Gręcę & Latinę linguę cum scriptione nova libellus. [Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Gręcę & Latinę linguę pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hęc semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequč enim quę soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt, temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues & inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis genere omnia personare offendebam. Hīc itaquč sic cogitabam apud me. Cum nec Romę, nec in uniuersa Italia, imņ verņ cum nequč in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium, quąm in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de pronunciatione illa noua, ullauč mentio aut significatio tum fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse quąm in Britannia certņ scire licet. Nequč ea tamen uniuersa, sed certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui imperabant. Sic tamen hęc refero, ut eos propter literas aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hęc verņ laudem minimč. Cuius rei alioqui certč me cepisset admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino veteri, quąm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quąm qui nouas: qui vetera opera atquč verba, quąm qui noua: qui usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comoedias, quąm qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quąm nuper nato. Thus quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur, usque adeņ ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam quę noua sunt, etsi optima, tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit futurum integrum. Etenim sępč viatorem noua non vetus orbita fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates, etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas excitare, quąm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, naturę ratione depellere oportere M. Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est, semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non laudem certč usus causa in luce: quņd pręter consuetudinem patrię, pręsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus ciuilibus dico. Nam aliņ non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse quod prosit, certč hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim magis quąm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt. Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare? Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem, inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literarię perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi Gręci commendant: nec alius quisquam pręter imperitum rerum iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non probaturo, imponens imperitę turbę (5) adolescentum, cui vix literę sunt, & multņ minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verņ si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius quąm castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius literę mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem potius contemnis, quąm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus grauissimas indicere poenas ęquum est, non propter magnitudinem rei quę leuis est, sed propter violatum in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium in ea ausum. Nequč hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus, quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in alijs difficilia quę pulchra. Licčt enim optima quęque & inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quę non facilč inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet) pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse fatebor certč, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, ą multis sęculis in usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem. Sallustius pręsentium rerum retinentissimus semper consuetudini cessit. Ęlius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuņ fugiebant, adeņ ut nouissimus & nouissimč haud libenter usi sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant. Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius & Fabritius (6) dilucidč cum suis fabulati sunt, neque Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam incoluisse leguntur) sed ętatis suę verbis locuti sunt: tu verņ perindč quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quę loqueris, non hoc abundč consequeris tacens? quasi satius esset non loqui quąm non intelligi. Demonax quoque philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim ą quopiam quęsiuisset aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atquč priscis responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam (quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater Theologis Lutetię instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera reiecit, quņd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quņd tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos atquč Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt, Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam & peguniam, coilum choelum & coelum, cernos & chernos, discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodič utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hęc Lacedęmonij quņd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum pręstantissimum Citharędum mulctasse dicuntur, quņd unam solam chordam pręter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma pepulerunt, quņd nouum genus disciplinę instituerunt. Noua enim Romanis, viris certč in omni re sapientibus quę pręter consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M. Cicero in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam, Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil enim periculosius in usu vitę esse rebantur, quąm veteribus relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est. [Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium senect. cęcum laudat, quņd vigebat in eius domo patrius mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis, opsonijs verņ recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter & Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerč innouandum nisi euidens ratio postulauerit, pręcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut scholę iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut relinquant suum _octabis_: nec scholę quędam Academicę ut deficiant ą suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologię Doctoratus gradu insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo pręparatis cum in determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis Academię. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilč: ut nonnullę solent Academię in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut grauitate. Certč mihi videntur illi planč cuculi atque oues, qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt, abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare velint, atque ex obscuris ęnigmatibus & antiquis cum difficultate discere studeant, quę viua vox, certus pręsensque usus cum facilitate clarč possunt docere. Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedęmonij in legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui pręter consuetudinem patrię aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium. Etenim Synesius eos qui pręter consuetudinem patrię aliquid innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quņd & usu confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedęmonij verņ usque adeņ formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda č collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate consilium parum placeret, audacię suę poenas daret. Etenim euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitię blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac ętate facis, mouere quę stabilita sunt, cum pręsertim omnium rerum mutationes cędem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequč antiquata in usum esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quąm hodič nos proferimus) usum scientiamque pręstare nos debere eius, qua pręsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci sapienter pręcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quę bene constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac benč confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore sanč agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro _vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec _maxumč_ pro _maximč_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_, nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veitę_, _ubei_, _quei_, _heic_, _foeminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_, _erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, quę iam obsoleuerunt, & repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_, _idus_, _pulchrę_, _vitę_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _foeminę_, _suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pictę_, _aulę_, _nepę_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequč enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hęc ferre possent, nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt homines. Utuntur tamen hodič haud dissimili pronunciandi genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus (quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis (quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquč Scotis (10) vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_ dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, & petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi, quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus Anglis valdč indecorum alio uti quąm suo. Licet tamen hic contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quę vitia pro virtutibus amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa, qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut Plauti verbo utar) atquč ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali tempore. Sed hęc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt, quąm noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non +praļtōr+ dixit diuisa diphthongo, sed +praitōr+ & prętores, unita. Cuius rei non alium magistrum, quąm eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus & receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant, contra quąm vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulantię error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri & recepto more pronunciare, maximč quod multi errores reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verņ Gręcorum pueri, & qui hodič utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Gręcam discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent, aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodč. Scilicet. Equidem puerile magis existimo quąm virile, puerileque esse argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem) non tamen vetustior est, quę res in controuersia est, minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum summouere: discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequč enim Gręcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo, ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Gręci adhuc utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum č Cathedra Gręcas literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando. Audiebam enim data opera sępius. At si ego tacerem norit Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Gręcia pronunciarit, ex Matthęo Calphurnio Gręco, quem ex Gręcia Oxonium Gręcarum literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsęus, de bonis literis optimč meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit ille, quąm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos Britanni docebimus ipsos Gręcos in ipsa Gręcia oriundos sua verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quąm ipsa gens atquč natio, cui lingua Gręca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est, & successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallicč velit discere, ex Anglo petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italicč, ex Germano, sed ex sua quęque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset, ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum. Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, & cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura grauiori, quę rectius in principio potuissent collocari in meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimč. Nam priuata hęc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minimč recepta gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutuņ intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines cuiusque regionis cum laude linguę, & ingenij gloria verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectč loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur, sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi verņ usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate, numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit, nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticč, +Phoļbos+, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_, _epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_, _husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_, _hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phoebus_, _toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _musęs_, _vasileus_, _epirus_, _typtomę_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_, _ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_, _yppewin_, _yios_, _pęs_, unde pędotriba, non paidotriba: aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter parere pro parturire, & parźre pro obedire in isto versu. Foemina vult parere, sed non parźre lubenter, nisi crassa pronunciatio: eadem penč nota qua +loimos+ & +limos+ in pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter +loimos+ & +limos+ in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Gręcorum more, alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Certč antiqui _Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non _Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Gręci eo quo recentes isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod acerrimč isti defendunt, cum dicunt Gręcos) etiam tum Gręci erant Barbari, cum ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit Strabo) qui crassč, difficulter, asperč atque duriter loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes pręter Gręcos: ą quibus postea (corrupta Gręcia) barbara ea appellatio ad omnes pręter (14) Latinos translata est, quņd mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectč verba proferebat, barbarč loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem Hebręum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat? An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit primłm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere, ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius pronunciare, & aliter quąm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio, seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere prout optimum cuique videbitur, modņ non deficiant ą consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent, noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literarię inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non _ypsilon_, vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit, modņ doceat admonendi non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi) scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur) quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet ut muta, sed aspiret tantłm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges _ydropisis_, _termę_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro _hydropisis_, _thermę_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus bone, quąm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hīc ineptirent solłm duce iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verņ cum audiam senes delirare hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium, ratio, & experientia doceret. Pręterea in senecta ętate ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento agitari, nihilquč constantis hominis habere indecorum est. Cicero in Bruto notat ętatem quę ante se fuit, in qua Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectč loquebantur. Sua autem ętate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et quamuis (inquit) L. Sisenna facilč omnes vincat superiores, indicat tamen quantłm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis remotis. Rectč enim loqui putabant esse, inusitatč loqui. Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet. Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quęrimus summitatem, nec est sanč tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit) desitįque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non propter has quas ante retuli causas, at certč propter hęc quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissimč sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione pręterire, quąm dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina, sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum Grammaticorum maximč culpa hęc pronunciatio Latina introducta est, cłm nescio qua ęmulatione alter alterum nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atquč item Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planč discentium commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantłm inseruitum est istorum libidini quorum pręceptum id erat, pronunciationis vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est, alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo verba proferente atquč scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquč adeņ desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem eius. Neque enim cęcum ducem, nequč amentem consultorem. Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendįque quę didicit omnia, & innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus usi sumus omnibus: usquč adeņ mobilia sunt hodič hominum ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo: hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille alteram: & eas ineptas sanč et insulsas, etiam simplicibus mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nouę author, qui non sit habiturus suę stultitię fautores et sectatores, vel homines adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fortč (17) ingenij sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion Chrysostomus, & nostri sęculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terrę & statione coeli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre & Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent tractare materias +adoxous+, & exercendi gratia argumentum infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum pręfatione sensus sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, ęquior essem, amplectererque certč lubens. Alioqui videant illi, quąm nihil aliud quąm suam traducant infantiam, nec esse consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas nęnias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quę gloria erit? Mallem unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut quibus nec dum per ętatem confirmatus animus est, nec maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimč de se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longč se ostendant alios, ut in lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academię plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus imperitus. Certč istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud quąm sterilis labor, sterilķsque difficultas sequitur in promendo cum multorum risu: quņd ea rustica sit et simplex, parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptč acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique quņd doctas aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planč & odiosa omnibus, pręterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi. Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphonię fuit, quąm disciplina (18) regulę. Hinc Gręci angelos phormingos, & papę proferre, pręcepto usuque imperarunt, cum +angelos+, +phormingos+, & +Babai+ rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_ cum _dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_ sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, & euitetur soni vitium, quod Gręci +kakophōnian+ dicunt. Quin & Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque atquč Galli Romanorum ęmuli, ne magnum dicant, main proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_, sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Gręcis & Latinis dictionibus efferunt: et pro +bikiou+ (id est +aphakźs+) vitia, et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro +biktora+ victorem: & pro Abellana Auellana, non č contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Gręcorum codicibus manuscriptis rarņ videbis b. literam, sed eius loco characterem v. latinę literę similem. Latini quoque vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro _laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Laborię, (quo verbo Plinius utitur) quę pars est Italię. Hos si damnes, utere licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet, _appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fęcibus vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius, Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanę mentis faciet. Sin probes, ą nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit, pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam, quę in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi quodam in usu atquč in hominum more et sermone versatur. Nam ut in cęteris artibus id maximč excellit quod longissimč sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuquč seiunctum, ita in dicendo vitium est vel maximum ą vulgari genere orationis, atquč ą consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere quę populo grata sunt. Atquč ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum, non quoduis ą consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in literis quę in vestibus, quę omnibus horis alię penč fiunt et diuersę, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita proferendas esse pręcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, quąm veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes vaniores, quąm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquč pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum qui ex errore imperitę iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris non esse habendum. Eius verba hęc sunt. Quarta columna, (20) &c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet debeant enunciari, de qua re varię sunt hodič & multiplices Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosč nimis ad antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hęc pronunciarunt, & coniecturę sunt admodum ieiunę. Illis itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem ab inferis excitarint. Hęc ille. Et paucis interpositis, ista subiungit. Qui verņ illis (professoribus) destituuntur, & proprio marte linguam Gręcam discere coguntur, pronuncient elementa Gręca more Latinorum Gręcis in hac tabula respondentium. Quę certč pronunciandi ratio vetus est, & recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem (quod ipse noui) erant isti pręceptores noui. Verłm loco stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt. In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus, & Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, +moruxai+ transfert Moryxę, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa disputauerat, quę glorię studio potius, quam usus gratia se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter obseruanti. Paręmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curę Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnę ac Syracusę, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti Gręci & Latini consueta religiosissimč obseruarunt. Galenus enim homo Gręcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinę vir, ut si quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis sui de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, +tź kratousź+ (21) +sunźtheia+ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis recentiores dicebant, +emplastron+, +kentrion+, +kai mźlōtrida+ cum +r.+ in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam & usitatam, quąm +emplaston+, +kention+, & +mźlōtida+ dicere sine +r.+ litera, etsi ab +emplattein+, +kentein+, +mźlźs te kai ōtos+ oriantur, in quibus +r.+ litera non est. Tanti erat apud illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos scripsit qui reprehendant solęcismum facientes in sermone, ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam quę in loquendo pręualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs modis corruptam atque ą proprietate sua viciatam, secutos tamen esse eam quę suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes, qui apud Gręcos ullum pręcellentis doctrinę nomen consecuti sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris medicinalibus, +emplastron+ cum +r.+ scriptum inuenimus, & nos quoque quņd inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo utendum censuimus. Hęc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus quoquč consuetum est +r.+ pro +s.+ proferre, ut +sklźrotźr+ pro +sklźrotźs+, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium +rhō+). Atheniensibus contra, ut +tharsein+ pro +tharrhein+, utrobique si euertas usum, notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Gręci solłm (ut dixi) sed Latini quoquč hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis ętate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de iure scripserunt pręcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione. Prętereo quemadmodum hodič quantitates syllabarum, longas in breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus, mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hęc tria nil rectč faciunt si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hęc audacia, ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius, nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio (quod tam inane iudico quąm est ipsa res inanis) sed quid conueniat tantłm consulo, quidque exterę nationes in constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione Gręcę et Latinę linguę sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim quęsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis nostrę per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hęc inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla causę magnitudo, nulla necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque glorię eņ nos adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atquč grauibus, nec recepta Gręcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in usum, si modņ in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter Grammaticos. Adhęc cum pronunciatio hęc noua sit planč rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus certč patet, nec tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio pręter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta rep. ferendum non fuit, malum pręterea exemplum ęditur ad alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vitę atquč sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis spiritus et anhelitus quę res est nihili. In istis spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriņ spiritum suum consumere, tam est res exilis atquč vana. Optandum igitur ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali paucis tantłm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio, persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam sit leuis et ridicula, nequč ut tantos motus excitemus ulla fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis studeat nouę rei nouus author haberi. * * * * * * * * * Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber: _pulchrę_, _vitę_ [comma missing] plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quąm ipsa gens [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark: added by 1912 editor?_] vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit [_printed as shown, with initial iota_] End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by John Caius *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** ***** This file should be named 26570-8.txt or 26570-8.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/5/7/26570/ Produced by Louise Hope Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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