The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897 A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls Author: Various Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop Release Date: August 8, 2005 [EBook #16475] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) [Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] VOL. 1 DECEMBER 16, 1897. NO. 58 =Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= * * * * * When we take up our history books and read the accounts of the great deeds that have been done, we are very apt to wonder how the people felt in those times, and if it was not much more exciting to _live_ history than it is to learn it. We have an opportunity of judging for ourselves how it feels, for we are now living through a very important chapter of history. Cuba, Turkey, Haiti, and Hawaii are all making history for us that will make very stirring reading for the scholars that come after us, and now Austria has joined in the procession, and is giving us an episode that will make one of the most exciting pages in that country's history. The present occurrences in Austria are of the utmost importance to the world. They show that the time has passed when kings can rule as absolute monarchs, and that the voice of the people must be listened to. We told you of the anger of the Austrian people against Count Badeni and his Government, and how the Emperor approved of him and his work, and was determined to uphold him in spite of the opposition. We also told you that there is a clause in the Austrian constitution which gives the Emperor power to act on his own authority without consulting the people, in case of emergency. But Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, backed by this powerful clause, has not been strong enough to protect his Prime Minister, and in the face of the anger of the people has not dared to use the privilege which the constitution gives him. This is a great chapter in history. It all happened in this way: We told you in the last number how the Government rushed a resolution through the Reichsrath, which gave the President of the House the power to suspend unruly members and prevent them from entering the chamber. As soon as the Reichsrath reassembled, it became evident to the opposition that the Government considered the resolution legally passed, and intended to act on it. This so enraged the deputies that no sooner was the sitting declared open than they rushed to the President's tribune, seized the papers on his desk, tore them, and scattered them over the house. The attendants had not been prepared for this rush, and had allowed some of the angry members to pass through the gate which had been made in the fence around the tribune. As soon as they realized what was passing, they fought and buffeted the intruders, until they had expelled them from the enclosure, and the President declared the sitting adjourned. This had no effect on the furious mob with which the chamber was filled. One of the members again made a rush for the tribune. The gate had been closed, but, climbing over the fence, he made a dash for the President's bell and portfolio. The President, amazed at this daring, pushed him away. In an instant a crowd of his friends, howling and shouting, swarmed over the fence, and a regular fight began on the tribune itself. The deputies had by this time lost control of themselves, and proceeded with blows and kicks to drive the President and Vice-Presidents of the Reichsrath off the tribune, or raised platform, on which the President sits. One of the Vice-Presidents was knocked down and trampled on, and one account of the affray said that the President was so roughly handled that he fainted. Finally, the deputies drove the representatives of the Government from the tribune, and took possession of it themselves. What new deed of violence they might have attempted it is impossible to say, but at this moment a door at the end of the chamber opened, and in marched a force of sixty policemen. In their trim uniforms and their spiked steel helmets, they presented a very formidable appearance, and the effect on the house was magical. The members were astounded that the Government should dare to infringe on their rights and privileges by sending police into the chamber that was sacred to the liberties of the people. The Commissioner of Police was not in the least embarrassed. He treated the deputies as he would any other disorderly mob, and, marching his men to the foot of the tribune, ordered the deputies to come down from it. The deputies firmly refused to do any such thing, whereupon the Commissioner took one man by the shoulder and ordered him off. The deputy resisted, and was seized by six stalwart policemen, and carried bodily out of the chamber. Five others who refused to obey the Commissioner were treated in the same unceremonious way. Dr. Wolff, who up to this moment had been dumb with amazement, now called on the ministers to remove the police. Order having been partially restored, the President returned and reopened the session. His appearance was greeted with a storm of whistles, shouts, beating and slamming of desk-lids, and the usual uproar, led by Dr. Wolff, who, too exhausted to do anything noisier, contented himself with blowing a shrill cab whistle. It was impossible to restore order, for even the friends of the Government were indignant at the introduction of the police into the chamber. Relying on their privileges as members of the Reichsrath, the deputies had for days behaved in a shameful and unmanly manner. The people were indignant that their representatives should so disgrace them, and the sympathy was all with the Government. The calling in of the police changed the situation. The Government had interfered with the rights of the people, and every lover of liberty was in arms against the outrage. The riotous deputies now became heroes and martyrs instead of noisy, foolish men, not fit to be intrusted with parliamentary privileges. The President of the Reichsrath, having gone so far, was determined, if possible, to end the disturbance at once and for all. When the noisy demonstrations recommenced, he ordered Dr. Wolff to leave the house, suspending him for three days--that is to say, forbidding him to re-enter the Reichsrath for that space of time. Wolff, of course, refused to obey, and the aid of the police was called for. A shameful struggle ensued, in which the deputy's chair and desk were smashed to pieces. Twelve other members were seized by the police and turned out of the chamber. While this was going on inside the house, excited crowds had gathered outside. As the torn and dishevelled members were expelled, the people, regarding them as martyrs in the cause of liberty, began to murmur against the Government, and finally grew so violent that a strong force of police had to be fetched to disperse them. Forgetting that the foolish conduct of these deputies had blocked all legislation, and brought the Government and country to such a pass that the dissolution of the bond with Hungary was likely to occur at any moment, the people only realized that their liberties had been interfered with, and their rights had been taken from them. The people do not brook interference in their rights. In the days of King John of England, the people allowed the vicious king to get to a certain point, and then with their hands on their swords, ready to rebel if he resisted, they forced him to sign the great charter, Magna Charta, which has secured to Englishmen their rights from that day to this. It was signed by King John at Runnymede, near Windsor, in 1215. So in France, five hundred years later, when the people had stood all they could from their kings, they rose against Louis XVI., and were not satisfied until both the King and the Queen, Marie Antoinette, had paid the forfeit of their lives for their folly and arrogance. This happened in 1793. When the anger of the people is roused, there is trouble for the Government. In Vienna, though the Government had so far won a victory in turning the turbulent members out of the chamber, they felt there was danger in the air when the students surrounded Dr. Wolff as he was thrown out of the Reichsrath, and marched with him to his home, honoring him as a hero. Later, matters began to grow still more serious. Masses of workingmen left their work, and began to parade the streets, crying out against the government that had usurped their rights. Soldiers were called out to guard the principal buildings, especially the house of Count Badeni, the unpopular Prime Minister. Squads of soldiers appeared in every street, forcing the crowds to move and disperse. It was an almost impossible task. The crowd that was driven around one corner would reappear at the next. The soldiers would disperse the mob in front of them, and it would re-form at their heels. It seemed as if Austria were on the verge of a revolution. Realizing that nothing could stop the trouble but the resignation of Count Badeni, several members of the Reichsrath hurried to his home, and begged him to put an end to the disturbance. The Minister would not yield. His sovereign had confidence in him, and he would not be driven out by an ignorant mob. Another meeting of the Reichsrath was held, at which more violent scenes occurred. Dr. Wolff presented himself in the chamber and tried to take his place, whereupon he was seized and taken to prison. The feeling among the people grew stronger, and at last one of the town officials, Burgomaster Luegers, waited on Count Badeni, and informed him that the people were now so excited that there would be bloodshed if he did not resign. Hearing this, the Prime Minister went to the Emperor and resigned his office. It is reported that the Emperor at first refused to accept the resignation, whereupon Badeni informed him that he would not undertake the responsibility of holding office longer, as he had been informed that the people were ready to rise. The Emperor then accepted the resignation, and it soon became evident that the action had only just been taken in time. Crowds had assembled outside the Reichsrath, waiting for it to open, and the attitude of the mob had become so threatening that the hussars had to draw their sabres and charge the crowd to keep it in check. Several people were killed and many wounded. This roused the mob to fury, and matters were just developing into a serious riot when Burgomaster Luegers appeared on the scene. Driving through the streets at full speed, forcing his horses through the crowds, he hurried from mob to mob, shouting the good news that Badeni had resigned. The anger of the crowd at once melted away. The people who had assembled with rage in their hearts soon became quiet. The night, which might have been one of bloodshed and murder, was turned into a fete, laughter and song succeeded the angry murmurs, and the danger was over. The next day it was announced that Baron Gautsch von Frankenthurn, a man who is a great favorite with the people, had been appointed Prime Minister in the place of Badeni. It is said that as soon as the new cabinet is formed, Baron Gautsch will endeavor to bring about a meeting between the heads of the two parties which are so violently opposed to each other on the language question, and see if he cannot arrive at some understanding with them. It is also said that Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, insists that the Reichsrath must agree to the renewal of the Austro-Hungarian contract for one year, else Hungary will act independently of Austria, and a separation of the two monarchies may follow. After the news of Badeni's resignation there were still angry demonstrations in Vienna, but after the police had released Dr. Wolff peace gradually settled down on the city. * * * * * Turkey does not seem to have taken Russia seriously about the old war debt. In spite of her assurance that she had no intention of increasing her navy or enlarging her store of war materials, she has placed an order for one hundred and fifty large cannon with Krupp, the famous German gun-maker. These cannons will cost a large sum of money, and the various European Powers are watching with much interest to see what Russia will have to say to it. It is rumored that the Turks look upon Germany as their most powerful friend, and are willing to defy Russia or any other nation so long as Germany shows a disposition to stand by them. This winter is likely to give us some more interesting chapters in European history. * * * * * The Sultan of Turkey has fresh worries. The Albanians are now rebelling against him. Albania is on the western border of European Turkey; its shores are washed by the Adriatic Sea. It is a mountainous country, inhabited by a war-like race of people, who are much given to robbery and brigandage. The Albanians are a curious people. They claim to be descended from the Pelasgians, who were a people of Greece, supposed to be the most ancient race in Europe. They arrived and settled in Europe centuries before men began to keep records of the events that occurred, and so their origin is unknown. It is supposed they came from Asia, and probably from India. The Albanians base their claim to Pelasgian origin on their language, which differs from any known tongue, and cannot clearly be connected with any of the mother tongues. These mother tongues were the original languages from which the various modern languages are derived. More than one thousand languages are spoken on the globe, and these are so different that each is unintelligible to the speakers of the other. The study of these languages is an especial science. Students of this science, philologists, as they are called, have traced, classed, and grouped these thousand languages, until they have divided them into six main groups, or mother tongues. The formations of the verbs, the plurals, and the declensions are the main guides to the identification of a language. The study of philology is an intensely interesting one, and while it is very difficult, its pleasures are easily within the reach of every young scholar who is beginning the study of Latin, French, and German. Our own English language is one of the most interesting with which to begin the study. The ancient Britons were Celts, and spoke Celtic; when they were conquered by the Romans, Latin words crept into the tongue; and as Romans gave place to the Saxons, and the Saxons to the Danes, words from the German and Norse tongues were added to the language. Finally, came the Norman Conquest, and with it a flood of French words. The English we speak to-day is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, Saxon, Danish, and French. As you learn your foreign languages you will be interested to find how many Latin words and forms you are using every day; and as for German and French, there are so many words in these languages resembling our own that you are constantly meeting old friends in the course of your new studies. For instance: ENGLISH. FRENCH. ENGLISH. GERMAN. Papa Papa Father Vater Mamma Maman Mother Mutter Table Table Brother Bruder Chair Chaise Sister Schwester Boot Bottine Hat Hut Some of these words have a common Latin root. The word "table," for instance, is derived from the Latin word "_tabula_." If the Albanians do indeed speak a tongue that cannot be closely connected with any of the known languages, it is more than probable that they are a remnant of some ancient and world-forgotten people. Albania is under Turkish rule, but the Albanians do not seem a very pleasant people to govern. If they are not satisfied with those who are set in authority over them, their fierce qualities rise to the surface, and they are apt to do violent things. The last governor of Albania made himself so objectionable to the people, and they in turn made things so unpleasant for him, that he sought safety in flight. A new governor was appointed, but he in turn found no greater favor with these mountaineers than his predecessor. Annoyed that they should have had two obnoxious officials sent to them one after the other, the Albanians have become restless and are threatening to revolt. A Turkish commissioner has been sent to try and calm them, but further trouble is feared. * * * * * The Haitian matter, about which we told you last week, promises to arrive at a peaceful settlement. At first, however, it assumed such a threatening aspect that it seemed as if serious trouble must follow. The Haitian Government was very much disturbed when it was learned that a German warship was to be sent to bombard the capital city, Port-au-Prince, in case the indemnity, or damages, demanded for Herr Emil Lueders was not paid. The Haitian Government immediately asked the United States to use its good offices, and endeavor to bring about a peaceful settlement with Germany. Our Government began to make inquiries into the matter, and learned the Haitian side of the story. It seems that Lueders is not a German citizen, after all. He is the son of a German father and a Haitian mother, was born on Haitian soil, and is, according to the laws of the country, a citizen of Haiti. He had, therefore, no right to appeal to Germany for protection, and President Simon Sam will not listen to Germany's protest. In addition to this, it seems that Lueders is a tiresome fellow, and that this is the second time he has been arrested for resisting and attacking officers in the performance of their duty. The Haitian ministry looks upon this demand from Germany as a mere cloak to enable her to seize some territory, and establish a German colony in the West Indies. With this belief in mind, Haiti has appealed to the United States to interfere and protect them, on the ground of the Monroe Doctrine. We told you about this in the supplement following page 210. It says that the United States shall forcibly resist any attempt to extend the European political systems in America. Our Government was in a slight quandary over this appeal from Haiti. We have no quarrel with Germany, and we do not want to have one, but still it was clearly our duty to do what we could to assist a weaker sister republic. After much consultation and thought, the heads of the Government decided that our ambassador in Berlin, Mr. White, should be instructed to ask what Germany's intentions were in the matter. It was cabled back that the German minister had given a satisfactory reply to Mr. White, and so the United States has decided not to interfere actively in the matter unless Germany attempts to seize territory. In the mean while, Haiti has sent a very dignified letter to Germany. The republic declares itself willing to discuss the matter with Germany, but objects to the German method of judging and settling the whole affair without first inquiring as to both sides of the trouble. The demands of Germany are considered excessive, and in any case Haiti will not consent to pay any such sums as those asked. In her answer, Haiti complains of the conduct of Count Schwerin, the German representative in Port-au-Prince. It declares that he forced himself into the presence of President Simon Sam, and in an angry and insulting manner demanded Lueders' release, threatening many things if Haiti dared to oppose him. Because of these circumstances, President Simon Sam refuses to have anything more to do with Count Schwerin, and declares that the further discussion of the matter must take place in Berlin. The latest news says that Germany has changed her mind about sending a warship to Port-au-Prince, and that the vessel intended for Haiti will go to China. Two German school-ships are to call at the West Indies during the winter, and to them will be intrusted the settlement of the Lueders matter. It is probable, however, that the whole matter will be settled by arbitration. * * * * * From the fact that an extra ship is to be sent into Chinese waters, it would seem that the Germans do not intend to give up the Bay of Kiao Chou. Telegrams from China have given us further details. It seems that the German minister to China has presented a string of claims to the Chinese Government which are so absurdly large in comparison to the amount of damage done, that people do not scruple to say that they are only offered as a means of enabling the Kaiser to keep the territory he has seized. Here are the damages demanded by Germany for the murder of her two missionaries: The murderers must be discovered and punished. The officials concerned in the murder must be punished. The mission buildings which were destroyed must be rebuilt. The sum of six hundred thousand taels must be paid to the relations of the dead missionaries. A tael is worth $1.40, so you can see for yourselves what a big sum this is. A heavy sum of money must be paid to defray the expenses of the German naval expedition to China, and money must be paid to keep the German force in the Bay of Kiao Chou, which they have seized. The Chinese Government, on hearing these demands, said that the Bay of Kiao Chou must be given up before they could even be discussed. The German minister replied that Germany would not give up Kiao Chou, and there the matter rests. The representatives of the other foreign powers think these terms are unreasonable, and that China shall not think of accepting them. China has expressed her willingness to rebuild the mission-houses and punish the criminals. She hopes to be able to settle the difficulty by diplomacy, as she is not in a position to go to war. The cowardly governor who gave up the forts without firing a shot has been condemned to death. * * * * * The Queen Regent has signed the decree giving home rule to Cuba. The plan, in brief, is that the island shall be governed by the Captain-General (who is to represent the mother country) and two chambers of Congress, the Council Chamber and the House of Representatives. There will be thirty-five members in the Council Chamber, eighteen of whom will be appointed by the crown, and the other seventeen elected by the people. All of the members of the House of Representatives will be elected by the people. This Congress is to settle all the affairs of the island, with the exception of the foreign policy, the question of relations with other countries, which will be arranged by Spain. The supreme authority will be vested in the Captain-General, who will have to give his consent to all the acts of the Congress before they can become laws. The army and navy will be under his sole control and direction. Congress will have the right, subject to certain restrictions imposed by the home Government, to fix the tariff duties. The mayor and all the city officials will be elected by the people, and while the Spanish Government keeps to itself the right to the final voice in all decisions, the prospect offered the Cubans seems fair home rule. Porto Rico, another Spanish possession in the West Indies, is to enjoy the same privileges as Cuba. The insurgents, however, will have none of this. Both Gomez and Garcia have published proclamations, so severe in tone, that there can be no doubt that the insurgent leaders are sincere in their declaration that they will have nothing from Spain but independence. Here is Gomez's proclamation: "HEADQUARTERS OF THE GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE } CUBAN ARMY, SANCTI-SPIRITUS, NOVEMBER 15th, } 1897, THIRD YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE. } "The news I have received of the establishment of autonomy in Cuba by the Spanish Government compels me to remind the military and civil leaders of the revolution once more that our only aim is independence. Therefore, "Article 1.--Any military commander of the Cuban army accepting proposals of autonomy from the Spanish Government, or even conferring with Spanish envoys for any arrangement of peace, shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily court-martialled, and, if declared guilty of such acts, sentenced to death as a traitor to his flag. "Article 2.--Any envoy from the Spanish Government, or from any Spanish or military commander, or from any political party favoring the Spanish dominion in Cuba, who shall approach our lines and confer or try to confer with any military or civil representative of the republic of Cuba, and propose to him the acceptance of autonomy from Spain, shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily court-martialled as a spy, and, if declared guilty, hanged according to our military laws. "These articles shall be enforced by all the generals and subordinates of the Cuban army in the West and Santa Clara, the general commander of the East already having orders to enforce our laws on the matter. For country and liberty. "MAXIMO GOMEZ." It is said that the publication of these proclamations has created a deep impression in Havana. Under these proclamations, any person who seeks the Cuban lines to offer home rule to the soldiers will be hanged as a spy, and any Cuban listening to such proposals will be shot as a traitor. The two brave commanders have therefore made it very difficult for Spanish agents to approach their soldiers and corrupt them. Very few battles are reported from Cuba. It is said that the Spanish troops are massed in such large numbers that the Cubans do not dare to attack them. It is also rumored that the present season being the one in which the supply of vegetables is scarcest in the island, the insurgents are not well enough supplied with food to venture on any long marches. * * * * * The _Dauntless_ has again succeeded in conveying an expedition to Cuba. She left Jacksonville with a schooner, the _Jenny Thomas_, in tow. When she reached the mouth of the St. Johns River, she was overhauled by the cruiser _Vesuvius_. Nothing contraband being found on her, she was allowed to go on her way after an hour's delay. Unfortunately, it never occurred to the officers to search the vessel in tow, and so the daring little vessel got safely away. It now appears that the contraband material was on board the schooner, and that after the cruiser was safely passed, the _Dauntless_ cast anchor in some convenient spot, took her forbidden cargo on board, and sailed away to Cuba without further hindrance. The Spanish authorities are much annoyed over this incident, and think the United States is not showing a proper regard for Spain in allowing filibustering expeditions to leave her shores at a time when Spain is trying to pacify the Cubans with such liberal reforms. * * * * * Don Carlos is said to be showing some activity again. Realizing that the new decree giving Home Rule to Cuba will be very objectionable to many Spaniards, he has called a consultation of the leaders of his party, and asked them to go about among the people, and rouse them against the Government. He promises that if he is called to the throne, he will not show any such mercy to the rebellious Cubans, but will compel them, by force of arms, to obey the will of the Spanish sovereign. The leaders of the Carlist party do not, however, seem to be in any great hurry to act. Such a revolution as Don Carlos is anxious to begin means life or death to the nobles and men of position who support him. If the rising fails, these men will be regarded as traitors to their country, and shot or exiled. In any case they will lose everything that they own or that the Government can discover and take from them. With so much at stake it is but natural that the nobles should wish to be sure that their reward in case of success will be as great as their punishment in case of failure. They are therefore anxious to secure certain pledges from Don Carlos, before they openly join themselves to an enterprise so full of peril. Don Carlos does not seem willing to give these assurances, and so the rebellion is at a standstill at present. * * * * * There was a little excitement during the past week over the announcement that the English and French armies had met in battle in West Africa. The story was not, however, believed, because the English Government had given orders to her soldiers that they were to avoid any conflict with the French, and the same directions had been given to the French by their Government. It is, however, felt that trouble is pretty sure to come ere long, and so England has been sending more soldiers to the Niger territory, and now has a force of four thousand men there. A commission was appointed to examine into this vexed boundary question, and it has been sitting in Paris for many weeks. Unfortunately, neither party seems willing to wait until the commission has finished its work. The French, maintaining that they have a right to seize any city or land that is not occupied by an armed force belonging to any other nation, have been sending out armed parties to take possession of any territory they can get. They have already taken possession of several places that England has long looked upon as her property. The British are naturally not going to submit to this, and so they, in their turn, are trying to seize land wherever possible. It is feared that in some of their various raids the British and French may meet, and a serious conflict ensue. * * * * * From India it is reported that the Ameer of Afghanistan has refused to listen to the envoys from the Afridi tribes, and that they are about to submit to the English rule. They will be forced to give up the rifles and plunder they have taken, and hostages will be demanded of them as a guarantee of further good behavior. The allowance made by the English Government to the Afridis will be stopped. The Khyber Pass, which was held by them, will be reopened, and matters will proceed much the same as if no rising had occurred. A state durbar will shortly be held, at which the chiefs of the Afridis will do homage, and submit to the English rule. A durbar is, as you no doubt remember, a levee or reception. It is rumored that the results of this campaign are very unsatisfactory to the English people. The hill-fighting, however, turned out to be so much more severe than the English expected, and the tribesmen proved such formidable foes, that they were glad to make peace on whatever terms they could. To punish the natives as they had intended would have taken such a large sum of money, and employed such a number of troops, that the Government finally decided that the wisest thing was to put a speedy end to the difficulty. * * * * * The Soudan campaign has also been brought to a close. The English people are also indignant about this. They think that the Government ought not to have allowed such a good opportunity for punishing the Mahdists to slip through its fingers. With a little more perseverance, the lower Soudan would have been opened up to the world and Gordon avenged. As it was, no decisive battle was fought; the Mahdists, under Osman Digna, steadily retreated before the advance of the British. After the brilliant reconnoitring trip to Khartoum, and the shelling of the city by the two little gunboats, it was expected that something decisive was about to be done. But no advance has been made by the main army, and now it is positively stated that no further steps will be taken until January. People are wondering why the soldiers were sent to the Soudan, if they are only to camp on the banks of the Nile and contemplate the Mahdists from a distance. After building their railroad, and making such excellent preparations for a brilliant campaign, it seems astonishing that the troops should be allowed to sit down and wait, without striking a blow. It is, however, rumored that the English Government does not wish to spend more money pushing the campaign further, and that more troops are needed to bring the campaign to a successful termination. Whatever the reason, nothing more is likely to be done in the Soudan for the present. * * * * * The committee which was appointed to find out just how much it would cost to make armor-plate, has sent in a report which will be presented to Congress at the earliest opportunity. It appears that it will cost over three and a half million dollars to build an armor-plate factory capable of making the amount of armor required by the Government. It has not yet been decided whether the factory shall be built, but the Secretary of the Navy is going to advertise for offers to build it so that he can lay the whole matter before Congress at one time. The Carnegie and Bethlehem steel companies have not been idle while the Government has been making its inquiries. Krupp, the German gun-maker, has recently invented a process for manufacturing armor-plate which is said to make a plate that is still more durable and better than that manufactured by the Harvey process. The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies no sooner heard of the Krupp process, than they sent experts to examine it, and finding it to be all that was represented, they purchased the sole right to use the process in this country. The Government, of course, wants the best possible armor for its ships, and if the Krupp is the best, they must have Krupp armor-plate. The cleverness of these two firms has, however, made it impossible for the Government to manufacture this kind of armor for itself. If it is to be used, it must be bought from the Carnegie or Bethlehem people. The Secretary of the Navy does not approve of the Government spending so much money in building a factory of its own. It is said that when he lays the matter before Congress, he will recommend that the armor be bought of the Carnegie or Bethlehem firms. It is stated that he expects to get the armor for $425 a ton. The Carnegie Company are, however, masters of the situation. With the Bethlehem works, they own the right to manufacture this new and excellent armor, and if the Government must have it for its ships, the company will ask what price they please. Their excuse will no doubt be that they have had to pay so much money for the right that they are obliged to make the price high. G.H. ROSENFELD. WANTED--A RECIPE FOR A BOOK. Your editor had an interesting talk a few days ago with one of our best-known naturalists, who said: "Boys and girls are the keenest observers, if they are interested in anything. We naturalists get much of our most valuable information through their quick eyes and minds." "And," he added, "the more they see, the more they want to see and know, and they are constantly coming to me for facts, asking me why I do not write good books." "Well, why don't you?" "I'll tell you why. It is because I want to write a book which will tell them _just_ what they want to know, and I do not know what our boys and girls are interested in. If I write about pets, what kind of pets are they most interested in--dogs or cats, horses or birds, squirrels or fishes? If I write about wild animals, must it be about their homes and what they do, or about the best ways to hunt and trap them? Then, again, I am not sure if they are not more interested in hunting for beautiful and curious things on the seashore--shells, crabs, sea-anemones, and such things." Your editor believes in asking the boys and girls to say for themselves what they want, and then to give that to them in the best possible way. Therefore he answered: "Ask the boys and girls what they want. Do not ask one or two, but just ask one or two thousand, and give them just what they ask for--no more and no less." As he cannot write a letter to you all, will you not, each one of you, write a letter addressed to "Naturalist, care of Editor of GREAT ROUND WORLD, 5 West 18th Street," and in this letter say just what you would like: a book about birds, pets, bees, wild animals, shells, fishes, or snakes--for he knows all about these things, and can write a book on any or all of these subjects, or, indeed, anything that has to do with woods, fields, or ocean, and the wonderful and interesting things found in them. We hope that our promise to this naturalist, that our boys and girls can and will tell him what he wants to know, will not lead to a disappointment. INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. [Illustration] If any of our boys and girls have found their bicycle saddles as uncomfortable as your editor has found his, they will be delighted to learn that there is to be had a sensible as well as most comfortable saddle. The pleasure of riding your wheel for miles without feeling your saddle can only be appreciated by those who happen to have a saddle which fits; the great trouble is that very few people fit the average saddle; and as the saddle cannot be adjusted, perfect comfort is not obtainable. With this new saddle the case is different, for it can be adjusted to fit a large or small person exactly. It also has a contrivance which permits the parts to move up and down so that there is no friction whatever. Our attention was called to it by one of the officers of the navy, who has proved himself an expert in wheel contrivances, and a careful test bears out all of his statements. The saddle is well made and inexpensive ($3.50). BOOKS RECEIVED. We have received a very attractive little book called "Uncle Robert's Visit," which is the third part of the series of books called "Uncle Robert's Geography." It is published by the Messrs. Appleton in their series of Home-Reading Books, and presents nature study and geographical knowledge in the most attractive form, being woven in a story of "Uncle Robert's Visit" to the farm. This particular uncle, like some others we have known, was a fund of information and a source of delight to the nephews and nieces. He went about with them in the fields and woods, and, without forcing it on them in any way, so ordered the conversation that they learned much of nature on each trip. These uncles are treasures, and to those who cannot have them always with them, to read of some one else's uncle in this attractive form is charming. The book is well made, a handy size, with a colored frontispiece showing the farmhouse; it is illustrated throughout in a practical way which cannot fail to interest children. ("Uncle Robert's Visit," Home Reading Books: D. Appleton & Co., 1897; 50 cents.) * * * * * We wish to acknowledge the receipt of a new and illustrated edition of the old favorite, "Gypsy Year at the Golden Crescent," by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, illustrated by Mary Fairman Clarke. (Dodd, Mead & Co., $1.50.) End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** ***** This file should be named 16475.txt or 16475.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/7/16475/ Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.net/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.net This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.