The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850 A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. Author: Various Release Date: July 31, 2005 [EBook #16404] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. * * * * * "When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. * * * * * NO. 61.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28. 1850. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. * * * * *{505} CONTENTS. NOTES:-- Page Illustrations of Scottish Ballads, by Richard John King 505 The Red Hand--The Holt Family--Vincent Family 506 Vondel's Lucifer, by Janus Dousa 507 A Myth of Midridge 509 Folk Lore Miscellanies:--St. Thomas's Day--Black Doll at Old Store-shops--Snake Charming--Mice as a Medicine--"Many Nits, many Pits"--Swans hatched during Thunder--Snakes--Pixies or Piskies--Straw Necklaces--Breaking Judas' Bones 509 Local Rhymes and Proverbs of Devonshire 511 A Christmas Carol 513 A Note for little Boys 513 Similarity of Traditions 513 Pixey Legends 514 The Pool of the Black Hound 515 Popular Rhymes 515 Minor Notes:--"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde"-- Inscription on an Alms-dish--The Use of the French Word "savez"--Job's Luck--The Assassination of Mountfort in For folk Street, Strand--The Oldenburgh Horn--Curious Custom--Kite--Epitaph on John Randal--Playing Cards 515 QUERIES:-- Dragons: their Origin 517 John Sanderson, or the Cushion Dance; and Bab at the Bowster 517 Did Bunyan know Hobbes? by J.H. Friswell 518 Minor Queries:--Boiling to Death--Meaning of "Mocker"--"Away, let nought to love displeasing" --Baron Muenchausen--"Sing Tantararara Rogues all," &c.--Meaning of "Cauking" 519 REPLIES:-- The Wise Men of Gotham, by J.B. Colman 520 Replies to Minor Queries:--Master John Shorne-- Antiquity of Smoking--Meaning of the Word "Thwaites"--Thomas Rogers of Horninger--Earl of Roscommon--Parse--The Meaning of "Version" --First Paper-mill in England--"Torn by Horses" --Vineyards--Cardinal--Weights for Weighing Coins--Umbrella--Croziers and Pastoral Staves 520 MISCELLANEOUS:-- Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 523 Notices to Correspondents 524 Advertisements 524 * * * * * NOTES. ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCOTTISH BALLADS. In the ballad of "Annan Water" (_Border Minstrelsy_, vol. iii.) is the following verse:-- "O he has pour'd aff his dapperpy coat, The silver buttons glanced bonny; The waistcoat bursted aff his breast, He was sae full of melancholy." A very unexpected effect of sorrow, but one that does not seem to be unprecedented. "A plague of sighing and grief," says Falstaff. "It blows a man up like a bladder." A remarkable illustration of Falstaff's assertion, and of the Scottish ballad, is to be found in this _Saga of Egil Skallagrimson_. Bodvar, the son of Egil, was wrecked on the coast of Iceland. His body was thrown up by the waves near Einarsness, where Egil found it, and buried it in the tomb of his father Skallagrim. The _Saga_ continues thus:-- "After that, Egil rode home to Borgar; and when he came there, he went straightway into the locked chamber where he was wont to sleep; and there he laid him down, and shot forth the bolt. No man dared speak a word to him. And thus it is said that Egil was clad when he laid Bodvar in the tomb. His hose were bound fast about his legs, and he had on a red linen kirtle, narrow above, and tied with strings at the sides. And men say that his body swelled so greatly that his kirtle burst from off him, and so did his hose."--P. 602. It is well known that the subjects of many ballads are common to Scotland, and to the countries of Northern Europe. Thus, the fine old "Douglas Tragedy," the scene of which is pointed out at Blackhouse Tower, on the Yarrow, is equally localised in Denmark: "Seven large stones," says Sir Walter, "erected upon the neighbouring heights of Blackhouse, are shown as marking the spot where the seven brethren were slain; and the Douglas Burn is avowed to have been the stream at which the lovers stopped to drink; so minute is tradition in ascertaining, the scene of a tragical tale, which, considering, the rude state of former times, had probably foundation in some real event." The corresponding Danish ballad, however, that of "Ribolt and Guldborg," which has been translated by Mr. Jamieson, is not less minute in pointing out the scene of action. The origin of ballads, which are thus widely spread, must probably be sought in very high antiquity; and we cannot wonder if we find them undergoing considerable {506} change in the passage from one country to another. At least the "Douglas Tragedy" betrays one very singular mark of having lost something of the original. In "Ribolt and Guldborg," when the lady's brothers have all but overtaken the fugitives, the knight addresses her thus: "Light down, Guldborg, my lady dear, And hald our steeds lay the renyes here. And e'en sae be that ye see me fa' Be sure that ye never upon me ca'; And e'en sae be that ye see me bleed, Be sure that ye name na' me till dead." Ribolt kills her father and her two eldest brothers, and then Guldborg can no longer restrain herself: "Hald, hald, my Ribolt, dearest mine, Now belt thy brand, for its 'mair nor time. My youngest brother ye spare, O spare, To my mither the dowie news to bear." But she has broken her lover's mysterious caution, and he is mortally wounded in consequence: "When Ribolt's name she named that stound, 'Twas then that he gat his deadly wound." In the Scottish ballad, no such caution is given; nor is the lady's calling on her lover's name at all alluded to as being the cause of his death. It is so, however, as in the Danish version: "She held his steed in her milk-white hand, And never shed one tear, Until that she saw her seven brethren fa', And her father hard fighting, who loved her so dear. "O hold your hand, Lord William, she said, For your strokes they are wondrous sair; True lovers I can get many a ane, But a father I can never get mair." There is no note in the _Kaempe Viser_, says Mr. Jamieson, on this subject; nor does he attempt to explain it himself. It has, however, a clear reference to a very curious Northern superstition. Thorkelin, in the essay on the Berserkir, appended to his edition of the _Kristni-Saga_, tells us that an old name of the Berserk frenzy was _hamremmi_, _i.e._, strength acquired from another or strange body, because it was anciently believed that the persons who were liable to this frenzy were mysteriously endowed, during its accesses, with a strange body of unearthly strength. If, however, the Berserk was called on by his own name, he lost his mysterious form, and his ordinary strength alone remained. Thus it happens in the _Svarfdaela Saga:_ "Gris called aloud to Klanfi, and said, 'Klanfi, Klanfi! keep a fair measure,' and instantly the strength which Klanfi had got in his rage, failed him; so that now he could not even lift the beam with which he had been fighting." It is clear, therefore, continues Thorkelin, that the state of men labouring under the Berserk frenzy was held by some, at least, to resemble that of those, who, whilst their own body lay at home apparently dead or asleep, wandered under other forms into distant places and countries. Such wanderings were called _hamfarir_ by the old northmen; and were held to be only capable of performance by those who had attained the very utmost skill in magic. RICHARD JOHN KING. * * * * * THE RED HAND.--THE HOLT FAMILY. (Vol. ii., pp. 248. 451.) Your correspondent ESTE, in allusion to the arms of the Holt family, in a window of the church of Aston-juxta-Birmingham, refers to the tradition that one of the family "murdered his cook, and was afterwards compelled to adopt the red hand in his arms." Este is perfectly correct in his concise but comprehensive particulars. That which, by the illiterate, is termed "the bloody hand," and by them reputed as an abatement of honour, is nothing more than the "Ulster badge" of dignity. The tradition adds, that Sir Thomas Holt murdered the cook in a cellar, at the old family mansion, by "running him through with a spit," and afterwards buried him beneath the spot where the tragedy was enacted. I merely revert to the subject, because, within the last three months, the ancient family residence, where the murder is said to have been committed, has been levelled with the ground; and among persons who from their position in society might be supposed to be better informed, considerable anxiety has been expressed to ascertain whether any portion of the skeleton of the murdered cook has been discovered beneath the flooring of the cellar, which tradition, fomented by illiterate gossip, pointed out as the place of his interment. Your correspondents would confer a heraldic benefit if they would point out other instances--which I believe to exist--where family reputation has been damaged by similar ignorance in heraldic interpretation. The ancient family residence to which I have referred was situated at Duddeston, a hamlet adjoining Birmingham. Here the Holts resided until May, 1631, when Sir Thomas took up his abode at Ashton Hall, a noble structure in the Elizabethan style of architecture, which, according to a contemporary inscription, was commenced in April, 1618, and completed in 1635. Sir Thomas was a decided royalist, and maintained his allegiance to his sovereign, although the men of Birmingham were notorious for their disaffection, and the neighbouring garrison of Edgbaston was occupied by Parliamentarian troops. When Charles I., of glorious or unhappy memory, was on his way from Shrewsbury to the important battle of Edgehill, {507} on the confines of Warwickshire, he remained with Sir Thomas, as his guest, from the 15th to the 17th of October (vide Mauley's _Iter Carolinum_, Gutch's _Collectanea_, vol. ii. p. 425.); and a closet is still pointed out to the visitor where he is said to have been concealed. A neighbouring eminence is to the present day called "King's Standing," from the fact of the unhappy monarch having stood thereon whilst addressing his troops. By his acts of loyalty, Sir Thomas Holt acquired the hostility of his rebellious neighbours; and accordingly we learn that on the 18th of December, 1643, he had recourse to Colonel Leveson, who "put forty muskettiers into the house" to avert impending dangers; but eight days afterwards, on the 26th of December, "the rebels, 1,200 strong, assaulted it, and the day following tooke it, kil'd 12, and ye rest made prisoners, though w'th losse of 60 of themselves." (Vide Dugdale's _Diary_, edited by Hamper, 4to. p. 57.) The grand staircase, deservedly so entitled, bears evident marks of the injury occasioned at this period, and an offending cannon-ball is still preserved. Edward, the son and heir of Sir Thomas, died at Oxford, on the 28th August, 1643, and was buried in Christ Church. He was an ardent supporter of the king. The old baronet was selected as ambassador to Spain by Charles I., but was excused on account of his infirmities. He died A.D. 1654, in the eighty-third year of his age. His excellence and benevolence of character would afford presumptive evidence of the falsehood of the tradition, if it were not totally exploded by the absurdity of the hypothesis upon which it is grounded. Sir Thomas was succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson, Robert, who in compliance with his will built an almshouse or hospital for five men and five women. It is unnecessary to pursue the family further, excepting to state that nearly at the close of the last century the entail was cut off: the family is now unknown in the neighbourhood, excepting in its collateral branches, and the hall has passed into the possession of strangers. Its last occupant was James Watt, Esq., son of the eminent mechanical philosopher. He died about two years ago, and the venerable mansion remains tenantless. With reference to the ancient family residence of the Holts, at Duddeston, it will be sufficient to observe, that in the middle of the last century the house and grounds were converted into a tavern and pleasure gardens, under the metropolitan title of Vauxhall: and for a century they continued to afford healthful recreation and scenic amusement to the busy inhabitants of Birmingham. The amazing increase in the size and population of the town has at length demanded this interesting site for building purposes. Within the last three months the house and gardens have been entirely dismantled, a range of building has already been erected, and old Vauxhall is now numbered amongst the things that were. J. GOODWIN. Birmingham. _"Bloody Hands at Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey._--The legends of Sir Richard Baker (Vol. ii., pp. 67. 244.) and of a member of the Holt family (Vol. ii., p. 451.) recall to my mind one somewhat similar, connected with a monument in the church of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, the appearance of a "bloody hand" upon which was thus accounted for to me:-- "Two young brothers of the family of Vincent, the elder of whom had just come into possession of the estate, were out shooting on Fairmile Common, about two miles from the village; they had put up several birds, but had not been able to get a single shot, when the elder swore with an oath that he would fire at whatever they next met with. They had not gone much further before the miller of a mill near at hand (and which is still standing) passed them, and made some trifling remark. As soon as he had got by, the younger brother jokingly reminded the elder of his oath, whereupon the latter immediately fired at the miller, who fell dead upon the spot. Young Vincent escaped to his home, and by the influence of his family, backed by large sums of money, no effective steps were taken to apprehend him, and he was concealed in the 'Nunnery' on his estate for some years, when death put a period to the insupportable anguish of his mind. To commemorate his rash act and his untimely death, this 'bloody hand' was placed on his monument." So runs the story as far as I remember; the date I cannot recollect. The legend was told me after I had left the church, and I had paid no particular attention to the monument; but I thought at the time that the hand might be only the Ulster badge. I shall be obliged to any of your readers who will throw further light upon this matter. A pilgrimage to Stoke d'Abernon, whose church contains the earliest known brass in England, would not be uninteresting even at this season of the year. ARUN. * * * * * VONDEL'S LUCIFER. I have to complain of injustice done by a correspondent of "NOTES AND QUERIES," to the Dutch poet Vondel. To the question mooted by F. (Vol. i. p. 142.), whether my countryman's _Lucifer_ has ever been translated into English, Hermes answers by a passage taken from the _Foreign Quarterly Review_ for April, 1829; and subjoins a list of the _dramatis personae_ "given from the _original Dutch_ before him. The tragedy itself is condensed by your correspondent into a simple "&c." Now, if HERMES, instead of referring to a stale review for a comparison between Vondel's tragedy and the _Paradise Lost_, without showing by _any_ proof that Milton's justly renowned epic {508} is indeed superior to this, one of the Dutch poet's masterpiece--if HERMES, being, as I conclude from his own words, conversant with the language of _our_ Shakspeare, had taken pains to _read Lucifer_, he would not have repeated a statement unfavourable to Vondel's poetical genius. I, for my part, will _not_ hazard a judgment on poems so different and yet so alike, I will _not_ sneer at Milton's demon-gods of Olympus, nor laugh at "their artillery discharged in the daylight of heaven;" for such instances of bad taste are to be considered as clouds setting off the glories of the whole; but _this_ I will say, that Vondel wrote his _Lucifer_ in 1654, the sixty-seventh of his life, while Milton's _Paradise Lost_ was composed four years later. The honour of precedence, in time, at least, belongs to my countryman. All the odds were against the British poet's competitor, if one who wrote before him may be so called; for, while Milton enjoyed every privilege of a sound classical education, Vondel had still to begin a course of study when more than twenty-six years of age; and, while the Dutch poet told the price of homely stockings to prosaic burghers, the writer of _Paradise Lost_ was speaking the language of Torquato Tasso in the country enraptured by the first sight of _la divina comedia_. I am no friend of polemical writing, and I believe the less we see of it in your friendly periodical, the better it is; but still I _must_ protest against such copying of partially-written judgments, when good information can be got. I say not by stretching out a hand, for the book was already opened by your correspondent--but alone by using one's eyes and turning over a leaf or two. Else, why did HERMES learn the Dutch language? I ask your subscribers if the following verses are _weak_, and if they would not have done honour to the English Vondel? CHORUS OF ANGELS. (From _Lucifer_.) "Who sits above heaven's heights sublime, Yet fills the grave's profoundest place, Beyond eternity, or time, Or the vast round of viewless space: Who on Himself alone depends-- Immortal--glorious--but unseen-- And in his mighty being blends What rolls around or flows within. Of all we know not--all we know-- Prime source and origin--a sea, Whose waters pour'd on earth below Wake blessing's brightest radiancy. 'Tis power, love, wisdom, first exalted And waken'd from oblivion's birth; Yon starry arch--yon palace, vaulted-- Yon heaven of heavens, to smile on earth. From his resplendent majesty We shade us 'neath our sheltering wings, While awe-inspired, and tremblingly We praise the glorious King of Kings, With sight and sense confused and dim; O name--describe the Lord of Lords, The seraph's praise shall hallow Him;-- Or is the theme too vast for words?" RESPONSE. "'Tis God! who pours the living glow Of light, creation's fountain-head: Forgive the praise--too mean and low-- Or from the living or the dead. No tongue thy peerless name hath spoken, No space can hold that awful name; The aspiring spirit's wing is broken;-- Thou wilt be, wert, and art the same! Language is dumb. Imagination, Knowledge, and science, helpless fall; They are irreverent profanation, And thou, O God! art all in all. How vain on such a thought to dwell! Who knows Thee--Thee the All-unknown? Can angels be thy oracle, Who art--who art Thyself alone? None, none can trace Thy course sublime, For none can catch a ray from Thee, The splendour and the source of time-- The Eternal of eternity. Thy light of light outpour'd conveys Salvation in its flight elysian, Brighter than e'en Thy mercy's rays; But vainly would our feeble vision Aspire to Thee. From day to day Age steals on us, but meets thee never; Thy power is life's support and stay-- We praise thee, sing thee, Lord! for ever." CHORUS. "Holy, holy, holy! Praise-- Praise be His in every land; Safety in His presence stays; Sacred is His high command!" Dr. Bowring's version,--though a good one, if the difficulty be considered of giving back a piece of poetry, whose every word is a poem in itself, and by whose rhyme and accentuation a feeling of indescribable awe is instilled into the most fastidious reader's mind,--Dr. Bowring's version is but a feeble reverberation of the holy fire pervading our Dutch poet's anthem. But still there rests enough in his copy to give one a high idea of the original. I borrow the same Englishman's words when I add:-- "The criticism that instructs, even though it instructs severely, is most salutary and most valuable. It is of the criticism that insults, and while it insults, informs not, that we have a right to complain."--_Batavian Anthology_, p. 6. JANUS DOUSA. Manpadt House. * * * * *{509} A MYTH OF MIDRIDGE; _Or, A Story anent a witless Wight's Adventures with the Midridge Fairies in the Bishoprick of Durham; now more than two Centuries ago._ Talking about fairies the other day to a nearly Octogenarian female neighbour, I asked, had she ever seen one in her youthful days. Her answer was in the negative; "but," quoth she, "I've heard my grandmother tell a story, that Midridge (near Auckland) was a great place for fairies when she was a child, and for many long years after that." A rather lofty hill, only a short distance from the village, was their chief place of resort, and around it they used to dance, not by dozens, but by hundreds, when the gloaming began to show itself of the summer nights. Occasionally a villager used to visit the scene of their gambols in order to catch if it were but a passing glance of the tiny folks, dressed in their vestments of green, as delicate as the thread of the gossamer: for well knew the lass so favoured, that ere the current year had disappeared, she would have become the happy wife of the object of her only love; and also, as well ken'd the lucky lad that he too would get a weel tochered lassie, long afore his brow became wrinkled with age, or the snow-white blossoms had begun to bud forth upon his pate. Woe to those, however, who dared to come by twos or by threes, with inquisitive and curious eye, within the bounds of their domain; for if caught, or only the eye of a fairy fell upon them, ill was sure to betide them through life. Still more awful, however, was the result if any were so rash as to address them, either in plain prose or rustic rhyme. The last instance of their being spoken to, is thus still handed down by tradition:--''Twas on a beautifully clear evening in the month of August, when the last sheaf had crowned the last stack in their master's hagyard, and after calling the "harvest home," the daytale-men and household servants were enjoying themselves over massive pewter quarts foaming over with strong beer, that the subject of the evening's conversation at last turned upon the fairies of the neighbouring hill, and each related his oft-told tale which he had learned by rote from the lips of some parish grandame. At last the senior of the mirthful party proposed to a youthful mate of his, who had dared to doubt even the existence of such creatures, that he durst not go to the hill, mounted on his master's best palfrey, and call aloud, at the full extent of his voice, the following rhymes: "Rise little Lads, Wi' your iron gads, And set the Lad o' Midridge hame." Tam o' Shanter-like, elated with the contents of the pewter vessels, he nothing either feared or doubted, and off went the lad to the fairy hill; so, being arrived at the base, he was nothing loth to extend his voice to its utmost powers in giving utterance to the above invitatory verses. Scarcely had the last words escaped his lips ere he was nearly surrounded by many hundreds of the little folks, who are ever ready to revenge, with the infliction of the most dreadful punishment, every attempt at insult. The most robust of the fairies, who I take to have been Oberon, their king, wielding an enormous javelin, thus, also in rhymes equally rough, rude, and rustic, addressed the witless wight: "Silly Willy, mount thy filly; And if it isn't weel corn'd and fed, I'll ha' thee afore thou gets hame to thy Midridge bed." Well was it for Willy that his home was not far distant, and that part light was still remaining in the sky. Horrified beyond measure, he struck his spurs into the sides of his beast, who, equally alarmed, darted off as quick as lightning towards the mansion of its owner. Luckily it was one of those houses of olden time, which would admit of an equestrian and his horse within its portals without danger; lucky, also, was it that at the moment they arrived the door was standing wide open: so, considering the house a safer sanctuary from the belligerous fairies than the stable, he galloped direct into the hall, to the no small amazement of all beholders, when the door was instantly closed upon his pursuing foes! As soon as Willy was able to draw his breath, and had in part overcome the effects of his fear, he related to his comrades a full and particular account of his adventures with the fairies; but from that time forward, never more could any one, either for love or money, prevail upon Willy to give the fairies of the hill an invitation to take an evening walk with him as far as the village of Midridge! To conclude, when the fairies had departed, and it was considered safe to unbar the door, to give egress to Willy and his filly, it was found, to the amazement of all beholders, that the identical iron javelin of the fairy king had pierced through the thick oaken door, which for service as well as safety was strongly plated with iron, where it still stuck, and actually required the strength of the stoutest fellow in the company, with the aid of a smith's great fore-hammer, to drive it forth. This singular relic of fairy-land was preserved for many generations, till passing eventually into the hands of one who cared for none of those things, it was lost, to the no small regret of all lovers of legendary lore! M.A.D. * * * * * FOLK LORE. _St. Thomas's Day._--A Guernsey charm _pour ve ki ke sera son amant_-- "Into a golden pippin stick eighteen new pins, nine in the eye, and nine in the stem, tie round it the left {510} garter, and place it under the pillow. Get into bed backwards, saying, "Le jour de St. Thomas, Le plus court, le plus bas, Je prie Dieu journellement, Qu'il me fasse voir, en dormant, Celui qui sera mon amant; Et le pays et la contree Ou il fera sa demeuree, Tel qu'il sera je l'aimerai, Ainsi soit-il." VIATOR. NOV. 6. 1850. _Black Doll at Old Store-shops_ (Vol. i., p. 27.).--Is it not probable that the black doll was an image of the Virgin, sold at the Reformation with a lot of church vestments, and other "rags of Popery," as the Puritans called the surplice, and first hung up by some Puritan or Hebrew dealer. Images of the black Virgin are not uncommon in Roman Catholic churches. Has the colour an Egyptian origin, or whence is it? A. HOLT WHITE. Gladwins, Harlow. _Snake Charming_.--Two or three summers ago, I was told a curious story of snake charming by a lady of undoubted veracity, in whose neighbourhood (about a dozen miles from Totnes) the occurrence had taken place. Two coast-guard men in crossing a field fell in with a snake: one of them, an _Irishman_, threw his jacket over the animal, and immediately uttered or muttered a charm over it. On taking up the garment, after a few seconds had passed, the _snake was dead_. When I heard this story, and understood that the operator was an Irishman, I bethought me of how Rosalind says, "I was never so be-rhymed since Pythagoras' time, that I was an Irish rat," and accounted satisfactorily for the fact that, "as touching snakes, there are no snakes in _Ireland_:" for, as the song voucheth, "the snakes committed suicide to save themselves from slaughter," _i.e._ they _were charmed to death by St. Patrick_. I fear it would now be impossible to recover the charm made use of by the coast-guard man; but I will have inquiry made, and if I can obtain any further particulars, I will forward them to you. J.M.B. _Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--The remedy of the roast mouse recommended in _The Pathway to Health_ (which I find is in the British Museum), is also prescribed in _Most Excellent and Approved Remedies_, 1652:--"Make it in powder," says the author, "and drink it off at one draught, and it will presently help you, especially if you use it three mornings together." The following is "an excellent remedy to stanch bleeding:"-- "Take a toad and dry him very well in the sun, then put him in a linen bag, and hang him with a string about the neck of the party that bleedeth, and let it hang so low that it may touch the breast on the left side near unto the heart; and this will certainly stay all manner of bleeding at the mouth, nose," &c. Sage leaves, yarrow, and ale, are recommended for a "gnawing at the heart;" which I think should be "made a note of" for the benefit of poor poets and disappointed authors. WEDSECNARF. _Mice as a Medicine_ (Vol. ii., pp. 397. 435.).--I was stopping about three years ago in the house of a gentleman whose cook had been in the service of a quondam Canon of Ch. Ch., who averred that she roasted mice to cure her master's children of the hooping cough. She said it had the effect of so doing. CHAS. PASLAM. "Many Nits, [nuts] Many Pits." A common saying hereabouts, meaning that if hazel-nuts, haws, hips, &c., are plentiful, many deaths will occur. But whether the deaths are to be occasioned by nut-devouring or by seasonal influence, I cannot ascertain. In many places, an abundant crop of hips and haws is supposed to betoken a severe winter. CHAS. PASLAM. _Swans hatched during Thunder._--The fable of the singing of swans at death is well known; but I recently heard a bit of "folk lore" as to the birth of swans quite as poetical, and probably equally true. It is this: that swans are always hatched during a thunderstorm. I was told this by an old man in Hampshire, who had been connected with the care of swans all his life. He, however, knew nothing about their singing at death. Is this opinion as to the birth of swans common? If so, probably some of your numerous correspondents will detail the form in which such belief is expressed. ROBERT RAWLINSON. _Snakes_ (Vol. ii., p. 164.).--Several years ago, in returning from an excursion from Clevedon, in Somerset, to Cadbury Camp, I saw a viper on the down, which I pointed out to the old woman in charge of the donkeys, who assailed it with a stout stick, and nearly killed it. I expressed surprise at her leaving it with some remains of life; but she said that, whatever she did to it, it would "live till sun-down, and as soon as the sun was set it would die." The same superstition prevails in Cornwall, and also in Devon. H.G.T. _Pixies or Piskies._--At Chudleigh Rocks I was told, a few weeks ago, by the old man who acts as guide to the caves, of a recent instance of a man's being pixy-led. In going home, full of strong drink, across the hill above the cavern called the "Pixies' Hole," on a moonlit night, he heard sweet {511} music, and was led into the whirling dance by the "good folk," who kept on spinning him without mercy, till he fell down "in a swoon." On "coming to himself," he got up and found his way home, where he "took to his bed, and never left it again, but died a little while after," the victim (I suppose) of _delirium tremens_, or some such disorder, the incipient symptoms of which his haunted fancy turned into the sweet music in the night wind and the fairy revel on the heath. In the tale I have above given he persisted (said the old man), when the medical attendant who was called in inquired of him the symptoms of his illness. This occurrence happened, I understood, very recently, and was told to me in perfect good faith. I have just been told of a man who several years ago lost his way on Whitchurch Down, near Tavistock. The farther he went the farther he had to go; but happily calling to mind the antidote "in such case made and provided," he turned his coat inside out, after which he had no difficulty in finding his way. "He was supposed," adds my informant, "to be pisky-led." About ten miles from Launceston, on the Bodmin road (or at least in that direction) is a large piece of water called Dosmere (pronounced Dosmery) Pool. A tradition of the neighbourhood says that on the shores of this lonely mere the ghosts of bad men are ever employed in binding the sand "in bundles with _beams_ of the same" (a local word meaning _bands_, in Devonshire called _beans;_ as _hay-beans_, and in this neighbourhood hay-_beams_, for hay-bands). These ghosts, or some of them, were driven out (they say "_horsewhipped_ out," at any rate exorcised in some sort) "by the parson" from Launceston. H.G.T. Launceston. _Straw Necklaces_ (Vol. i., p. 104).--Perhaps these straw necklaces were anciently worn to preserve their possessors against _witchcraft_; for, till the thirteenth century, straw was spread on the floors to defend a house from the same evil agencies. Cf. _Le Grand d'Aussi Vie des Anciens Francs_, tom. iii. pp. 132. 134; "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., pp. 245. 294. JANUS DOUSA. _Breaking Judas' Bones._--On Good Friday eve the children at Boppart, on the Rhine, in Germany, have the custom of making a most horrid noise with _rattles_. They call it _breaking the bones of Judas_. Cf. "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., p. 357. JANUS DOUSA. LOCAL RHYMES AND PROVERBS OF DEVONSHIRE. "River of Dart, oh river of Dart, Every year thou claim'st a heart." It is said that a year never passes without the drowning of one person, at least, in the Dart. The river has but few fords, and, like all mountain streams, it is liable to sudden risings, when the water comes down with great strength and violence. Compare Chambers' _Popular Rhymes_, p. 8., "Tweed said to Till," &c. See also Olaus Wormius, _Monumenta Danica_, p. 17. The moormen never say "_the_ Dart," but always "Dart." "Dart came down last night--he is very full this morning." The _cry_ of the river is the name given to that louder sound which rises toward nightfall. Cranmere Pool, the source of the Dart, is a place of punishment for unhappy spirits. They may frequently be heard wailing in the morasses there. Compare Leyden _Scenes of Infancy_, pp. 315, 316., &c. * * * * * Wescote (_View of Devonshire_: Exeter, 1845 (reprint), p. 348.) has a curious story of the Tamar and Torridge. It is worth comparing with a local rhyme given by Chambers, p. 26.: "Annan, Tweed, and Clyde," &c. * * * * * "When Haldon hath a hat Kenton may beware a skat." This often quoted saying is curiously illustrated by a passage from the romance of Sir Gawaya and the Grene Knicht (Madden's _Sir Gawaya_, p. 77.): "Mist muged on the mor, malt on the mountes, _Uch hille hadde a hatte_, a myst-hakel huge." In the note on this passage Sir Frederick quotes two proverbs like the Devonshire one above. They are, however, well known, and there is no lack of similar sayings. * * * * * "When Plymouth was a furzy down, Plympton was a borough town." * * * * * When Brutus of Troy landed at Totnes, he gave the town its name; thus,-- "Here I sit, and here I rest, And this town shall be called Totnes." * * * * * "Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone, When the Conqueror came, were found at home." * * * * * "Who on the Sabbath pares his horn, 'Twere better for him he had never been born." "At toto Thori die hominibus ungues secare minime licuit." --Finn Magnusen, _Lex. Edd._, s.v. _Thor_. In the district of Bohnsland, in Sweden, in the middle of the eighteenth century, it was not thought proper to fell wood on the afternoon of Thursday. (Id.) * * * * * "Many slones [sloes], many groans, Many nits [nuts], many pits." * * * * * "When the aspen leaves are no bigger than your nail, Is the time to look out for truff and peel." * * * * *{512} _Margaret's Flood_.--Heavy rain is expected about the time of St. Margaret's day (July 20th). It is called "Margaret's flood." * * * * * "Widdecombe folks are picking their geese, Faster, faster, faster." A saying among the parishes of the south coast during a snow-storm. 'Widdecombe' is "Widdecombe in the Dartmoors." * * * * * "Quiet sow, quiet mow." A saying with reference to land or lease held on lives. If the seed is sown without notice of the death of the life, the corn may be reaped, although the death took place before the sowing. * * * * * Bees.-- "If they swarm in May, They're worth a pound next day. If they swarm in July, They're not worth a fly." Bees must never be bought. It is best to give a sack of wheat for a hive. * * * * * _Dinnick_ is the Devonshire name of a small bird, said to follow and feed the cuckoo. * * * * * A cat will not remain in a house with an unburied corpse; and rooks will leave the place until after the funeral, if the rookery be near the house. * * * * * It is proper to make a low bow whenever a single magpie is seen. * * * * * It is not considered safe to plant a bed of lilies of the valley; the person doing so will probably die in the course of the next twelve months. * * * * * Where the rainbow rests, is a crock of gold. * * * * * A cork under the pillow is a certain cure for cramp. * * * * * Seven different herbs must be used for making a herb poultice. "The editor remembers a female relation of a former vicar of St. Erth, who, instructed by a dream, prepared decoctions of various herbs, and repairing to the Land's End, poured them into the sea, with certain incantations, with the expectation of seeing the Lionesse rise immediately out of the water having all its inhabitants alive, notwithstanding their long immersion."--Davies Gilbert's _Cornwall_, vol. iii. p. 310. * * * * * If the fire blazes up brightly when the crock is hung up, it is a sign there is a stranger coming. * * * * * _Cure for Thrush_.--Take the child to a running stream, draw a straw through its mouth, and repeat the verse, "Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings," &c. * * * * * A creature of enormous size, called a "bull-frog," is believed to live under the foundation stones of old houses, hedges, &c. I remember having heard it spoken of with great awe. * * * * * _Hen and Chickens._--In a parish adjoining Dartmoor is a green fairy ring of considerable size, within which a black hen and chickens are occasionally seen at nightfall. The vicar of a certain Devonshire parish was a distinguished student of the black art, and possessed a large collection of mysterious books and manuscripts. During his absence at church, one of his servants visited his study, and finding a large volume open on the desk, imprudently began to read it aloud. He had scarcely read half a page when the sky became dark, and a great wind shook the house violently; still he read on; and in the midst of the storm the door flew open, and a black hen and chickens came into the room. They were of the ordinary size when they first appeared, but gradually became larger and larger, until the hen was of the bigness of a good sized ox. At this point the vicar suddenly closed his discourse, and dismissed his congregation, saying he was wanted at home, and hoped he might arrive there in time. When he entered the chamber the hen was already touching the ceiling. But he threw down a bag of rice, which stood ready in the corner; and whilst the hen and chickens were busily picking up the grains, he had time to reverse the spell.--(Ceridwer takes the form of a hen in the _Hanes Taliesin_.) I believe a hen and chickens is sometimes found on the bosses of early church roofs. A sow and pigs certainly are. A black sow and pigs haunt many cross roads in Devonshire. * * * * * The _Dewerstone_ is a lofty mass of rock rising above the bed of the Plym, on the southern edge of Dartmoor. During a deep snow, the traces of a naked human foot and of a cloven hoof were found ascending to the highest point. The valley below is haunted by a black headless dog. Query, is it Dewerstone, Tiwes-tun, or Tiwes-stan?--(Kemble's _Saxons_, vol. i. p. 351.) * * * * * The great Cromlech at Drewsteignton is said to have been erected by three _spinsters_ (meaning _spinners_); another legend says by three young men. The first is the more usual saying. The Cromlech is generally called "The Spinster's Rock." Rowe (_Dartmoor_, p. 99.) suggests that the three spinsters were the Valkyrien, or perhaps the Fates. He is no doubt right. * * * * * Rock and stone legends abound. A great quoit on the top of Heltor is said to have been thrown {513} there by the Devil during fight with King Arthur. Adin's Hole (Etin's) is the name of a sea cavern near Torquay; another is Daddy's Hole. The Devil long hindered the building of Buckfastleigh Church, which stands on the top of a steep hill. A stone, at about the distance of a mile, has the marks of his finger and thumb. The stone circles, &c. on Dartmoor, are said to have been made "when there were wolves on the hills, and winged serpents in the low lands." On the side of Belstone Tor, near Oakhampton, is a small grave circle called "Nine Stones." It is said to dance every day at noon. * * * * * Whoever shall find the treasure hidden in Ringmore Down, may plough with a golden plough-share, and yoke his oxen with golden cross-sticks. R.J.K. A CHRISTMAS CAROL. The following carol has not, I believe, been printed in any of the modern collections; certainly it is not in those of Mr. Sandys and Mr. Wright. It is copied from Ad. MS. Brit. Mus. 15,225, a manuscript of the time of James I. It may, perhaps, bethought appropriate for insertion in your Christmas number. I have modernised the orthography. A CAROL FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY. Rejoice, rejoice, with heart and voice, For Christ his birth this day rejoice. 1. From Virgin's womb to us this day did spring The precious seed that only saved man; This day let man rejoice and sweetly sing, Since on this day salvation first began. This day did Christ man's soul from death remove, With glorious saints to dwell in heaven above. 2. This day to man came pledge of perfect peace, This day to man came love and unity, This day man's grief began for to surcease, This day did man receive a remedy For each offence, and every deadly sin, With guilt of heart that erst he wander'd in. 3. In Christ his flock let love be surely placed, From Christ his flock let concord hate expel, In Christ his flock let love be so embraced, As we in Christ, and Christ in us, may dwell. Christ is the author of all unity, From whence proceedeth all felicity. 4. O sing unto this glittering glorious King, And praise His name let every living thing; Let heart and voice, let bells of silver, ring, The comfort that this day to us did bring; Let lute, let shawm, with sound of sweet delight, The joy of Christ his birth this day recite. BUON. ERIC. A NOTE FOR LITTLE BOYS. In order that all good little boys who take an interest in the "NOTES AND QUERIES" may know how much more lucky it is for them to be little boys now, than it was in the ancient times, I would wish them to be informed of the cruel manner in which even good little boys were liable to be treated by the law of the Ripuarians. When a sale of land took place it was required that there should be twelve witnesses, and with these as many boys, in whose presence the price of the land should be paid, and its formal surrender take place; and then the boys were beaten, and their ears pulled, so that the pain thus inflicted upon them should make an impression upon their memory, and that they might, if necessary, be afterwards witnesses as to the sale and delivery of the land. (_Lex Ripuarium LX., de Traditionibus et Testibus._) In a note of Balucius upon this passage he states: "A practice somewhat similar to this prevails in our our times, for in some of the provinces, whenever a notorious criminal is condemned to death, parents bring their sons with them to the place of execution, and, at the moment that he is put to death, they whip their children with rods, so that being thus excited by their own sufferings, and by seeing the punishment inflicted on another for his sins, they may ever bear in mind how necessary it is for them, in their progress through life, to be prudent and virtuous."--_Rev. Gall. et Franc. Script._, vol. iv. p. 277. n.e. W.B. MACCABE. SIMILARITY OF TRADITIONS. Having recently met with some curious instances of the extent to which the same or similar traditions extend themselves, not only in our own country, but in Wales and France, I have "made a note" of them for your service. _Burying in the church wall_ is supposed to be burying in neutral ground. In the north wall of the church of Tremeirchion, near the banks of the Elwy, North Wales (described by Pennant, vol. ii. p. 139.), is the tomb of a former vicar, Daffydd Ddu, or the black of Hiradduc, who was vicar of the parish, and celebrated as a necromancer, flourishing about 1340. Of him the tradition is, that he proved himself more clever than the Wicked One himself. A bargain was made between them that the vicar should practise the black art with impunity during his life, but that the Wicked One should possess his body after death, whether he were buried within or without the church; and that the worthy vicar cheated his ally of his bargain by being buried neither within nor without the church, but in the wall itself. A very similar tradition exists at Brent Pelham, Hertfordshire, with reference to the tomb of Pierce Shonke, which was also in the wall. He is said to have died A.D. 1086. Under the feet of the figure {514} was a "cross flourie, and under the cross a serpent" (Weever, p. 549.), and the inscription is thus translated in Chauncy's _Hertfordshire_, p. 143: "Nothing of Cadmus nor St. George, those names Of great renown, survives them, but their fames; Time was so sharp set as to make no bones Of theirs nor of their monumental stones, But _Shonke_ one serpent kills, t'other defies, And in this wall as in a fortress lyes." Whilst in the north wall of Rouen Cathedral is the tomb of an early archbishop, who having accidentally killed a man by hitting him with a soup ladle, because the soup given by the servant to the poor was of an inferior quality, thought himself unworthy of a resting-place within the church, and disliking to be buried without, was interred in the wall itself. _Miraculous Cures for Lameness._--The holy well _Y fynnon fair_, or Our Lady's Well, near Pont yr allt Goch, close to the Elwy, has to this day the reputation of curing lameness so thoroughly, that those who can reach it walking on crutches may fling their crutches away on their return home. Welsh people still come several miles over the hills to this holy spring. A whole family was there when I visited its healing waters last month. The same virtue is ascribed at Rouen to a walk to the altar at St. Katherine's Church, at the top of St. Katherine's Hill, where the cast-off crutches have been preserved. In the latter case something less than a miracle may account for the possibility of going away without crutches; for they may be required to mount to a lofty eminence, and may well be dispensed with on coming down: but as this supposition would lessen the value of a tradition implicitly believed, of course all sensible men will reject it at once. WM. DURANT COOPER. 81. Guilford Street. PIXEY LEGENDS. In reference to your correspondent H.G.T.'s article on _pixies_ (Vol. ii., p. 475.), allow me to say that I have read the distich which he quotes in a tale to the following effect:--In one of the southern counties of England--(all the pixey tales which I have heard or read have their seat laid in the south of England)--there lived a lass who was courted and wed by a man who, after marriage, turned out to be a drunkard, neglecting his work, which was that of threshing, thereby causing his pretty wife to starve. But after she could bear this no longer, she dressed herself in her husband's clothes (whilst he slept off the effects of his drunkenness), and went to the barn to do her husband's work. On the morning of the second day, when she went to the barn, she found a large pile of corn threshed, which she had not done; and so she found, for three or four days, her pile of corn doubled. One night she determined to watch and see who did it, and carrying her intention into practice, she saw a little pixey come into the barn with a tiny flail, with which he set to work so vigorously that he soon threshed a large quantity. During his work he sang, "Little Pixey, fair and slim, Without a rag to cover him." The next day the good woman made a complete suit of miniature clothes, and hung them up behind the barn door, and watched to see what _pixey_ would do. I forgot to mention that he hung his flail behind the door when he had done with it. At the usual time the pixey came to work, went to the door to take down his flail, and saw the suit of clothes, took them down, and put them on him, and surveyed himself with a satisfied air, and sang "Pixey fine, and pixie gay. Pixey now must fly away." It then flew away, and she never saw it more. In this tale the word was invariably spelt "pixey." TYSIL. _Pixies._--The _puckie_-stone is a rock above the Teign, near Chagford. In the _Athenaeum_ I mentioned the rags in which the pixies generally appear. In _A Narrative of some strange Events that took place in Island Magee and Neighbourhood in 1711_, is this description of a spirit that troubled the house of Mr. James Hattridge: "About the 11th of December, 1710, when the aforesaid Mrs. Hattridge was sitting at the kitchen-fire, in the evening, before daylight going, a little boy (as she and the servants supposed) came in and sat down beside her, having an old black bonnet on his head, with short black hair, a half-worn blanket about him, trailing on the ground behind him, and a _torn_ black vest under it. He seemed to be about ten or twelve years old, but he still covered his face, holding his arm with a piece of the blanket before it. She desired to see his face, but he took no notice of her. Then she asked him several questions; viz., if he was cold or hungry? If he would have any meat? Where he came from, and where he was going? To which he made no answer, but getting up, danced very nimbly, leaping higher than usual, and then ran out of the house as far as the end of the garden, and sometimes into the cowhouse, the servants running after him to see where he would go, but soon lost sight of him; but when they returned, he would be close after them in the house, which he did above a dozen of times. At last the little girl, seeing her master's dog coming in, said, 'Now my master is coming he will take a course with this troublesome creature,' upon which he immediately went away, and troubled them no more till the month of February, 1711." This costume is appropriate enough for an Irish spirit; but here may possibly be some connexion with the ragged clothes of the Pixies. (Comp. "Tatrman," _Deutsche Mythol._, p. 470.; and Canciani's note "De Simulachris de Pannis factis," _Leges Barbar._, iii. p. 108.; _Indic. Superst._) The common story of Brownie and his clothes is, I suppose, connected. {515} In some parts of Devonshire the pixies are called "derricks," evidently the A.-S. "doeorg." In Cornwall it is believed that wherever the pixies are fond of resorting, the depths of the earth are rich in metal. Very many mines have been discovered by their singing. R.J.K. THE POOL OF THE BLACK HOUND. In the parish of Dean Prior is a narrow wooded valley, watered by a streamlet, that in two or three places falls into cascades of considerable beauty. At the foot of one of these is a deep hollow called the Hound's Pool. Its story is as follows. There once lived in the hamlet of Dean Combe a weaver of great fame and skill. After long prosperity he died, and was buried. But the next day he appeared sitting at the loom in his chamber, working diligently as when he was alive. His sons applied to the parson, who went accordingly to the foot of the stairs, and heard the noise of the weaver's shuttle in the room above. "Knowles!" he said, "come down; this is no place for thee." "I will," said the weaver, "as soon as I have worked out my quill," (the "quill" is the shuttle full of wool). "Nay," said the vicar, "thou hast been long enough at thy work; come down at once!"--So when the spirit came down, the vicar took a handful of earth from the churchyard, and threw it in its face. And in a moment it became a black hound. "Follow me," said the vicar; and it followed him to the gate of the wood. And when they came there, it seemed as if all the trees in the wood were "coming together," so great was the wind. Then the vicar took a nutshell with a hole in it, and led the hound to the pool below the waterfall. "Take this shell," he said; "and when thou shalt have dipped out the pool with it, thou mayst rest--not before." And at mid-day, or at midnight, the hound may still be seen at its work. R.J.K. POPULAR RHYMES. The following popular rhymes may perhaps amuse some of your readers. They are not to be found in the article "Days Lucky or Unlucky," in Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, or in Sir Henry Ellis's notes (see his edition, vol. ii. p. 27.), and perhaps have never been printed:-- _Days of the Week.--Marriage._ "Monday for wealth, Tuesday for health, Wednesday the best day of all; Thursday for crosses, Friday for losses, Saturday no luck at all." _Moon._ "Saturday new, And Sunday full, Never was fine, And never wool." _Days of the Week.--Birth._ "Born of a Monday, Fair in face; Born of a Tuesday, Full of God's grace; Born of a Wednesday, Merry and glad; Born of a Thursday, Sour and sad; Born of a Friday, Godly given; Born of a Saturday, Work for your living; Born of a Sunday, Never shall we want; So there ends the week, And there's an end on't." _How to treat a Horse._ "Up the hill, urge him not; Down the bill, drive him not; Cross the flat, spare him not; To the hostler, trust him not." _How to sow Beans._ "One for the mouse, One for the crow, One to rot, One to grow." _January Weather._ "When the days lengthen, The colds strengthen." Two German proverbial distiches, similar to the last, are given in Koerte's _Sprichwoerter_, p. 548.: "Wenn de Dage fangt an to laengen, Fangt de Winter an to strengen." "Wenn die Tage langen, Kommt der Winter gegangen." With the first set of rhymes, we may compare the following verses on washing on the successive days of the week, in Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes of England_, p. 42. ed. 3.: "They that wash on Monday Have all the week to dry; They that wash on Tuesday, Are not so much awry; They that wash on Wednesday, Are not so much to blame; They that wash on Thursday, Wash for shame; They that wash on Friday, Wash in need; And they that wash on Saturday, Oh! they are sluts indeed." L. * * * * * Minor Notes. _"Passilodion" and "Berafrynde."_--Have these terms, which play so memorable a part in the "Tale of King Edward and the Shepherd" {516} (Hartshorne's _Ancient Metrical Tales_) been explained? The shepherd's instructions (pp. 48, 49.) seem more zealous than luminous; but it has occurred to me that _perhaps_ "passelodion," "passilodyon," or "passilodion" may have some reference to the ancient custom of drinking from a _peg_-tankard, since [Greek: passalos] means a _peg_, and [Greek: passalodia] would be a legitimate pedantic rendering of _peg-song_, or _peg-stave_, and _might_ be used to denote an exclamation on having _reached the peg_. H.G.T. _Inscription on an Alms-dish._--In Bardsea Church, Island of Furness, is an alms-dish(?) of a large size, apparently very old, gilt, and bearing the following inscription:-- "WYLT : GHY : LANGHELEVEN : SOO : ERT : GODT : ENDE : HOOVT : ZYN : GEBAT : VORWAR." Bardsea Church is recently erected in a district taken out of Urswick parish. Can any of your readers give an explanation of the inscription? F.B. RELTON. [This is another specimen of the alms-dishes, of which several have been described in our First Volume. The legend may be rendered, _If thou wilt live long, honour God, and above all keep His commandments_.] _The Use of the French Word "savez."_--About fifty years ago the use of the French word _savez_, from the verb _savoir_, to know, was in general use (and probably is so at the present time) among the negroes in the island of Barbadoes,--"_Me no savez, Massa_," for, "I do not know, Master (or Sir)." It occurred to the writer at that time as a very singular fact, because the French had never occupied that island; nor is he aware of any French negroes having been introduced there. He had also been informed of its use in other places, but made no note of it. In the _Morning Herald_ of the 7th instant there is a statement that the Chinese at Canton, speaking a little English, make use of the same word. Can any of your readers give an explanation of this? J.F. _Job's Luck_.--I send you another version of Job's luck, in addition to those that have lately appeared in "NOTES AND QUERIES:" "The devil engaged with Job's patience to battle, Tooth and nail strove to worry him out of his life; He robb'd him of children, slaves, houses, and cattle, But, mark me, he ne'er thought of taking his wife. "But heaven at length Job's forbearance rewards, At length double wealth, double honour arrives, He doubles his children, slaves, houses, and herds, But we don't hear a word of a couple of wives." A.M. _The Assassination of Mountfort in Norfolk street, Strand._--The murder of Mountfort is related with great particularity in Galt's _Lives of the Players_, and is also detailed in, if I recollect aright, Mr. Jesse's _London and its Celebrities;_ but in neither account is the following anecdote mentioned, the purport of which adds, if possible, to the blackness of Mohun's character:-- "Mr. Shorter, Horace Walpole's mother's father, was walking down Norfolk Street in the Strand, to his house there, just before poor Mountfort the player was killed in that street by assassins hired by Lord Mohun. This nobleman lying in for his prey, came up and embraced Mr. Shorter by mistake, saying 'Dear Mountfort.' It was fortunate that he was instantly undeceived, for Mr. Shorter had hardly reached his house before the Murder took place."--_Walpoliana_, vol. ii. p. 97., 2nd ed. J.B.C. _The Oldenburgh Horn_ (Vol. ii., p. 417.) is preserved amongst the antiquities in the Gallery of the King of Denmark at Copenhagen. It is of silver gilt, and ornamented in paste with enamel. It is considered by the Danish antiquaries to be of the time of Christian I., in the latter half of the fifteenth century. There are engraved on it coats of arms and inscriptions, which show that it was made for King Christian I., in honour of the three kings, or wise men, on whose festival he used it, at Cologne. W.C. TREVELYAN. Wallington, Dec. 19. 1850. [We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded by Sir Walter Trevelyan's communication to add from Vulpius (_Handwoerterbuch der Mythologie_) the following additional references to representations and descriptions of this celebrated horn--which is there said (p. 184.) to have been found in 1639:--Schneider, _Saxon. Vetust._ p. 314.; Winkelmann's _Oldenburgische Chronik._ s. 59.; S. Meyer, _Vom Oldenburgischen Wunderhorne_, Bremen, 1757.] _Curious Custom_.--In 1833 the late Record Commissioners issued Circular Questions to the Municipal Corporations of England and Wales, requesting various information; among such questions was the following:--"Do any remarkable customs prevail, or have any remarkable customs prevailed within memory, in relation to the ceremonies accompanying the choice of corporate officers, annual processions, feasts, &c., not noticed in the printed histories or accounts of your borough? Describe them, if there be such." To this question the borough of Chippenham, Wilts, replied as follows:--"The corporation dine together twice a-year, and _pay for it themselves_!" (_Report of Record Commissioners_, 1837, p. 442.) J.E. _Kite_ (_French_, "_Cerf-volant_").--Some years ago, when reading Dr. Paris' popular work called _Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest_, 5th edition, London, J. Murray, 1842, I observed that the author could not explain the meaning of the French term "cerf-volant," applied to the toy so well known among boys in England as a "kite," and in Scotland as a "dragon." The following passages will solve this mystery: {517} "Cerf-volant. Scarabaeus lucanus. Sorte d'insecte volant qui porte des cornes dentelees, comme celles du cerf. "Cerf-volant. Ludicra scarabei lucani effigies. On donne ce nom a une sorte de joueet d'enfans qui est compose de quelques batons croises sur lesquels on etend du papier, et exposant cette petite machine a l'air, le moindre vent la fait voler. On la retient et on la tire comme l'on veut, par le moyen d'une longue corde qui y est attachee."--See _Dictionnaire de la Langue Francoise_, de Pierre Richelet; a Amsterdam, 1732. In Kirby and Spence's _Entomology_, vol. ii. p. 224., they mention "the terrific and protended jaws of the stag-beetle of Europe, the _Lucanus Cervus_ of Linnaeus." The "toothed horns" alluded to by Richelet are represented by the pieces of stiff paper fastened at intervals, and at right angles, to the string-tail of the toy kite, or dragon, so much delighted in by boys at certain seasons of the year in England and Scotland. G.F.G. Edinburgh. _Epitaph on John Randal._--As a counterpart to Palise's death, I have sent a Warwickshire epitaph, taken from Watford Magna churchyard, written about the same period: "Here old John Randal lies, who counting by his sale, Lived three score years and ten, such virtue was in ale; Ale was his meat, ale was his drink, ale did his heart revive, And could he still have drunk his ale, he still had been alive." J.R. _Playing Cards._--As a rider to THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT'S Query respecting his playing cards (Vol. ii., p. 462.), I would throw out a suggestion to all your readers for notices of similar emblematic playing cards: whether such were ever used for playing with? what period so introduced? and where? as both France and Spain lay claim to their first introduction. I see that Mr. Caton exhibited at one of the meetings of the Archaeological Institute this season a curious little volume of small county maps, numbered so as to serve as a pack of cards (described more fully in the _Archaeological Journal_ for September, 1850, p 306.), and which I regret I did not see. W.H.P. Wanstead, Dec. 13. 1850. * * * * * Queries. DRAGONS: THEIR ORIGIN. When passing through the city of Bruenn, in Moravia, rather more than a year ago, my attention was drawn to the _Lindwurm_ or dragon, preserved there from a very remote period. This monster, according to tradition, was invulnerable, like his brother of Wantley, except in a few well-guarded points, and from his particular predilection in favour of veal and young children, was the scourge and terror of the neighbourhood. The broken armour and well-picked bones of many doughty knights, scattered around the entrance to the cave he inhabited, testified to the impunity with which he had long carried on his depredations, in spite of numerous attempts to destroy him. Craftiness, however, at last prevailed where force had proved of no effect, and the Lindwurm fell a victim to the skill of a knight, whose name I believe has been handed down to posterity. The mode adopted by the warrior to deceive his opponent, was to stuff, as true to nature as possible, with unslaked lime, the skin of a freshly killed calf, which he laid before the dragon's cave. The monster, smelling the skin, is said to have rushed out and instantly to have swallowed the fatal repast, and feeling afterwards, as may be readily expected, a most insatiable thirst, hurried off to a neighbouring stream, where he drank until the water, acting upon the lime, caused him to burst. The inhabitants, on learning the joyful news, carried the knight and the Lindwurm in triumph into the city of Bruenn, where they have ever since treasured up the memento of their former tyrant. The animal, or reptile, thus preserved, is undoubtedly of the crocodile or alligator species, although I regret it was not in my power to examine it more particularly, evening having set in when I saw it in the arched passage leading to the town-hall of the city where it has been suspended. I fear also that any attempt to count the distinguishing bones would be fruitless, the scaly back having been covered with a too liberal supply of pitch, with the view to protection from the weather. Have any of your readers seen this _Lindwurm_ under more favourable circumstances than myself, and can they throw any light on the genus to which it belongs? May not the various legends respecting dragons, &c., have their origin from similar circumstances to those of this Bruenn Lindwurm, which I take to leave strong proof of fact, the body being there? Perhaps some of our correspondents may have it in their power to give further corroborative evidence of the former existence of dragons under the shape of crocodiles. The description of the Wantley dragon tallies with that of the crocodile very nearly. R.S., Jun. * * * * * JOAN SANDERSON, OR THE CUSHION DANCE; AND BAB AT THE BOWSTER. Can any of your numerous valuable correspondents give me the correct date, or any clue to it, of the above dance. There is little doubt of its great antiquity. The dance is begun by a single person (either a woman or man), who {518} dances about the room with a cushion in his hand, and at the end of the tune stops and sings: "This dance it will no further go!" [_The Musician answers._] "I pray you, good sir, why say you so?" [_Man._] "Because Joan Sanderson will not come to!" [_Music._] "She must come to, and she shall come to, And she must come whither she will or no." He now lays down the cushion before a woman, on which she kneels, and he kisses her, singing: "Welcome, Joan Sanderson, welcome, welcome." She rises with the cushion, and both dance about, singing: "Prinkum-prankum is a fine dance, And shall we go dance it once again, And once again, And shall we go dance it once again?" Then making a stop, the woman sings, as before: "This dance it will no further go!" [_Music._] "I pray you, madam, why say you so?" [_Woman._] "Because John Sanderson will not come to." [_Music._] "He must come to," &c. And so she lays down the cushion before a man, who, kneeling, upon it, salutes her, she singing: "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c. Then, he taking up the cushion, they take hands, and dance round, singing as before: and this they do till the whole company is taken into the ring. Then the cushion is laid down before the first man, the woman singing, "This dance," &c. (as before), only instead of "Come to," they sing "Go fro," and instead of "Welcome, John Sanderson," &c., they sing, "Farewell, John Sanderson, farewell," &c.: and so they go out, one by one, as they came in. This dance was at one time highly popular, both at court and in the cottage, in the latter of which, in some remote country villages, it is still danced. Selden, in his _Table Talk_, thus refers to it: "The court of England is much altered. At a solemn dancing, first you have the grave measures, then the _Corvantoes_ and the _Galliards_, and this is kept up with ceremony, at length to Trenchmore and the Cushion dance; and then all the company dance, lord and groom, lady and kitchen-maid, no distinction. (Would our fair Belgravians of 1850 condescend to dance with their kitchen-maids?) So in our court in Queen Elizabeth's time, gravity and state were kept up. In King James's time, things were pretty well. But in King Charles's time there has been nothing but Trenchmore and the Cushion dance," &c. I shall also feel obliged for the date of _Bab at the Bowster_, or _Bab in the Bowster_, as it is called in Scotland. Jamieson, in his _Dictionary_, describes it as a very old Scottish dance, and generally the last danced at weddings and merry-makings. It is now danced with a handkerchief in place of a cushion; and no words are used. That a rhyme was formerly used, there is little doubt. Query, What were the words of this rhyme? MAC. Charminster. * * * * * DID BUNYAN KNOW HOBBES? I observe a querist wishes to know the artist of the portrait of Bunyan prefixed to his works. I can only myself conjecture Cooper, the miniature painter, but I am also curious about the great author of _The Pilgrim's Progress_. First, is Bunyan really the author of "Heart's Ease in Heart's Trouble," and the "Visions of Heaven and Hell," published in his works, and perhaps, excepting "Grace Abounding," the most popular of his received miscellanies? I think not. My reasons are these. The style is very different, and much poorer than his best works. In the "Progress," when he quotes Latin, he modestly puts a side-note [The Latin that _I borrow_]. In the two tracts mentioned he flashes out a bit of Latin two or three times where he might have much better used English, or in a superfluous way. Also it is curious to know that in his "Visions of Hell" he meets Leviathan Hobbes, the philosopher of Malmesbury. The passage is curious, for if true, and written by Bunyan, it proves him to be personally acquainted with Hobbes. I extract it. After hearing his name called out, Epenetus (the author and visitant of the infernal regions) naturally inquires who it is that calls him. He is answered,-- "I was once well acquainted with you on earth, and had almost persuaded you to be of my opinion. I am the author of that celebrated book, so well known by the title of _Leviathan_! "'What! the great Hobbes,' said I, 'are you come hither? _Your voice is so much changed, I did not know it._'" The dialogue which ensues is not worth quoting, as it is from our purpose. But I would ask when was the time when Bunyan "was nearly persuaded to be of Hobbes' opinion?" If he is the author and speaks the truth (and he is notoriously truthful), it must have been in early youth; but surely the philosopher of Malmesbury could not know an obscure tinker. Bunyan cannot speak metaphorically, for he had not read the _Leviathan_, since he mentions that his only reading in early life, _i.e._ when he was likely to have embraced freethinking, was the _Practice of Piety_, and the _Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven_, his wife's dowry. {519} Moreover, he notes particularly the _change of voice_, a curious circumstance, which testifies personal acquaintance. Hobbes died in 1679; Bunyan in 1688. Were they intimate? JAS. H. FRISWELL. * * * * * Minor Queries. _Boiling to Death._--Some of your correspondents have communicated instances where burning to death was inflicted as a punishment; and MR. GATTY suggests that it would prove an interesting subject for inquiry, at what period such barbarous inflictions ceased. In Howe's _Chronicle_ I find the two following notices: "The 5th of Aprill (1532) one Richard Rose, a cooke, was boiled in Smithfielde, for poisoning of divers persons, to the number of sixteen or more, at ye Bishop of Rochester's place, amongst the which Benet Curwine, gentleman, was one, and hee intended to have poisoned the bishop himselfe, but hee eate no potage that day, whereby hee escaped. Marie the poore people that eate of them, many of them died."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 559. "The 17th March (1542) Margaret Dany, a maid, was boiled in Smithfield for poisoning of three households that shee had dwelled in."--Howe's _Chronicle_, p. 583. Query, was this punishment peculiar to cooks guilty of poisoning? And when did the latest instance occur? L.H.K. _Meaning of "Mocker."_--To-day I went into the cottage of an old man, in the village of which I am curate, and finding him about to cut up some wood, and he being very infirm, I undertook the task for him, and chopped up a fagot for his fire. During the progress of my work, the old fellow made the following observation:-- "Old Nannie Hawkins have got a big stick o' wood, and she says as I shall have him for eight pence. If I could get him, I'd soon _mocker_ him." Upon my asking him the meaning of the word _mocker_, he informed me it meant to _divide_ or _cleave in pieces;_ but, not being "a scholar" as he termed it, he could not tell me how to spell it, so I know not whether the orthography I have adopted is correct or not. Can any of your readers give me a clue to the derivation of this word? I certainly never heard it before. I ought perhaps to state, that this is a country parish in Herefordshire. W.M. Pembridge, Dec. 16. _"Away, let nought to love displeasing"._--Is it known who was the author of the song to be found in Percy's _Reliques_, and many other collections, beginning-- "Away, let nought to love displeasing." The first collection, so far as I know, in which it appears is entitled _Miscellaneous Poems by several Hands_, published by D. Lewis, London, 1726; and in this work it is called a translation from the ancient British. Does this mean a translation of an ancient poem, or a translation of a poem written in some extant dialect of the language anciently spoken in Britain? Either would appear to me incredible. As I feel much interested in the poetry of English songs, can you or any of your correspondents inform me if there exists any _good_ collection; that is, a collection, of such only as are excellent of their respective kinds? That the English language possesses materials for forming such a collection, and an extensive one too, I have no doubt, though I have never met with one. And, if there be none that answers the description I give, I should be glad of information respecting the best that exist. It is scarcely necessary to add, that my standard of excellence would admit only those which bore the character of "immortal verse," rejecting such as had been saved merely by the music to which they had been "married." SAMUEL HICKSON. Dec. 14. 1850. _Baron Muenchausen._--Who was the author of this renowned hero's adventures? The _Conversations-Lexicon_ (art. _Muenchausen_) states that the stories are to be found under the title of "Mendacia Ridicula," in vol. iii. of _Deliciae Academicae_, by J.P. Lange (Heilbronn, 1665); and that "at a later period they appeared in England, where a reviewer supposed them to be a satire on the ministry." I remember to have read when a boy (I think in _The Percy Anecdotes_), that the book was written by an Englishman who was styled "M----," and was described as having been long a prisoner in the Bastille. Since writing thus far I have seen the note by J.S. (Vol. ii., pp. 262-3.) on Muenchausen's story of the horn. The idea of sounds frozen in the air, and thawed by returning warmth, was no invention of "Castilian, in his _Aulicus_" (_i.e._ Castiglione, author of _Il Cortegiano_); for, besides that, it is found in his contemporary Rabelais (liv. iv. cc. 55-6), I believe it may be traced to one of the later Greek writers, from whom Bishop Taylor, in one of his sermons, borrows it as an illustration. J.C.R. _"Sing Tantararara Rogues all," &c._--The above is the chorus of many satirical songs written to expose the malpractices of peculators, &c. Can any of your readers point out who was the author of the _original song_, and where it is to be found? A SUBSCRIBER. _Meaning of "Cauking."_--An old dame told me the other day, in Cheshire, that her servant was a {520} good one, and among other good qualities "she never went _cauking_ into the neighbours' houses." Unde derivatur "cauking?" CHAS. PASLAM. * * * * * REPLIES. THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM. (Vol. ii., p. 476.) The proverb, "As wise as the men of Gotham." is given in Fuller's _Worthies_ (ed. 1662, pp. 315, 316.). Ray, in his note upon this, observes "It passeth for the _Periphrasis_ of a fool, and an hundred fopperies are feigned and fathered on the townsfolk of _Gotham_, a village in this county [Nottinghamshire]. Here two things may be observed: "1. Men in all ages have made themselves merry with singling out some place, and fixing the staple of stupidity and solidity therein. So the _Phrygians_ in _Asia_, the _Abderitae_ in _Thrace_, and _Boeotians_ in _Greece_, were notorious for dulmen and blockheads. "2. These places thus slighted and scoffed at, afforded some as witty and wise persons as the world produced. So _Democritus_ was an _Abderite_, _Plutarch_ a _Boeotian_, &c. "As for _Gotham_, it doth breed as wise people as any which causelessly laugh at their simplicity. Sure I am _Mr. William de Gotham_, fifth Master of _Michael House_ in _Cambridge_, 1336, and twice Chancellor of the University, was as grave a governor as that age did afford."--3d. ed. p. 258. In Thoroton's _Nottinghamshire_, vol. i. pp. 42, 43., the origin of the saying, as handed down by tradition, is thus given:--King John intending to pass through this place towards Nottingham, was prevented by the inhabitants, they apprehending that the ground over which a king passed was for ever after to become a public road. The king, incensed at their proceedings, sent from his court, soon afterwards, some of his servants to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and ill-treatment, that he might punish them. The villagers hearing of the approach of the king's servants, thought of an expedient to turn away his majesty's displeasure from them. When the messengers arrived at Gotham, they found some of the inhabitants engaged in endeavouring to drown an eel in a pool of water; some were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, to shade the wood from the sun; and others were engaged in hedging a cuckoo, which had perched itself upon an old bush. In short, they were all employed upon some foolish way or other, which convinced the king's servants that it was a village of fools. Should J.R.M. not yet have seen it, I beg to refer him to Mr. Halliwell's interesting edition of _The Merry Tales of the Wise Men of Gotham_ (Lond. 1840) for fuller and further particulars. J.B. COLMAN. * * * * * Replies To Minor Queries. _Master John Shorne_.--As neither MR. THOMS' Notes (Vol. ii., p. 387.) nor MR. WAY'S (p. 450.) mention where this reputed saint lived, or speak of him as connected with Buckinghamshire, I will offer an extract from Lysons in the hope of casting some little light on the subject. "North Marston.--The church is a handsome Gothic structure; there is a tradition that the chancel was built with the offerings at the shrine of Sir John Shorne, a very devout man, of great veneration with the people, who was rector of North Marston about the year 1290, and it is said that the place became populous and flourishing in consequence of the great resort of persons to a well which he had blessed. This story stands upon a better foundation than most vulgar traditions; the great tithes of North Marston are still appropriated to the dean and canons of Windsor, who, before the Reformation, might without difficulty have rebuilt the chancel, as it is very probable they did, with the offerings at the shrine of Sir John Shorne, for we are told that they were so productive, that on an average they amounted to 500l. per annum.[1] Sir John Shorne, therefore, although his name is not to be found, appears to have been a saint of no small reputation. The common people in the neighbourhood still keep up his memory by many traditional stories. Browne Willis, says, that in his time there were people who remembered a direction-post standing, which pointed the way to Sir John Shorne's shrine."[2] North Marston, formerly Merston, is about four miles from Winslow. I visited it about a year ago, and drank of the well, or spring, which is about a quarter of a mile from the village; but I know nothing of the traditions alluded to by Lysons. The chancel of the church is a fine specimen of perpendicular style, with a vestry of the same date, and of two stories, with a fireplace in each. I do not find North Marston, in Bucks, mentioned in Leland, Camden, or Defoe, nor can I meet with any account of Sir John Shorne in any books of English saints within my reach. A copy of Browne Willis's MSS. may be seen in the British Museum. W.H.K. [Footnote 1: _History of Windsor_, p. 111.] [Footnote 2: B. Willis's MSS., Bodleian Library.] For the information of those who may not have the _Norfolk Archaeology_ to refer to, let me add that John Shorne appears to have been rector of North Marston, in Buckinghamshire, about the year 1290, "and was held in great veneration for his virtues, which his benediction had imparted to a holy well in his parish, and for his miracles, one of which, _the feat of conjuring the devil into a boot_, was considered so remarkable that it was represented in the east window of his church." E.S.T. _Antiquity of Smoking._--The passage is in Herodian. In the time of Commodus there was a {521} pestilence in Italy. The emperor went to Laurentum for the benefit of the smell of the laurel trees. "In ipsa quoque urbe de medicorum sententia plerique unguentis suavissimus nares atque aures opplebant, suffituque[3] et odoramentis assidua utebantur, quod meatus sensuum (ut quidem dicunt) odoribus illis occupati, neque admittant aera tabificum: et si maxime admiserint, tamen eum majore quasi vi longe superari." This has nothing to do with the practice of smoking, nor is it clear that they smoked these things with a pipe into the mouth at all. The medical use of fumigation, as Sir William Temple observes, was greatly esteemed among the ancients. But it is very probable that, being sometimes practised by means of pipes, it was what led to the practice of smoking constantly, either for general medical protection, or merely for luxury, in countries and times too, when these epidemics from bad air were very common. The great love of smoking among the Turks may be originally owing to the plague. C.B. [Footnote 3: [Greek: "thumiamasi te kai aromasi sunechos echronto."]] _Antiquity of Smoking_ (Vol. ii., pp. 41. 216. 465.).--Mr. Lane, in his edition of the _Arabian Nights_, infers the very late date of that book from there being no mention of tobacco or coffee in it. As two of the ancient authorities have broken down, it occurred to me that others might. The reference to Strabo, vii. 296. leads me only to this; that the Mysians were called [Greek: kapnobatai] (some correct to [Greek: kapnopatai]) because they did not eat animals, but milk, cheese, and honey; but of religion, living quietly. One cannot imagine that this can be meant. I referred to Almaloveen's edition, the old paging. In the next page he repeats the epithet, coupling it, as before, with the word religious, and arguing from both as having the same meaning. It occurred to me that somebody might have read [Greek: kapnopotai], "fumum bibentes," which might have given occasion to the reference to this passage: and I find in the English Passow that [Greek: kapnobotai], "smoke-eaters," has been proposed. [Greek: Kapnopatai], is there derived from [Greek: paomai]. But if these are the readings, they can have nothing to do with smoking, but with religion. From the context they would mean as we say, "living on air;" like Democritus, who subsisted three days upon the steam of new loaves. [Greek: Kapnobatai] meant, as I believe, to describe their religiousness more directly; treading on the clouds, living _in_ the air: like Socrates in Aristophanes, [Greek: Neph]. 225.: [Greek: "Aerobato kai periphrono ton helion,"] And in v. 330. [Greek: kapnos] is used of the clouds: [Greek: "Ma Di all homichlen kai droson autas hegoumen kai kapnon einai."] There is nothing in Solinus, cap. 15.; and Mela, lib. ii., is too wide a reference. C.B. _Meaning of the Word "Thwaites"_(Vol. ii., p. 441.).--The word "Thwayte" occurred in the ancient form of the Bidding Prayer: "Ye shalle byddee for tham, that this cherche honour with book, with bell, with vestiments, with _Thwayte_," &c. This form is said to be above four hundred years old; and Palmer says (_Orig. Lit._, iii. p. 60.) that we have memorials of these prayers used in England in the fourteenth century. Hearne remarks that the explication of this word warranted by Sir E. Coke is "a wood grubbed up and turned to arable." This land being given to any church, the donors were thus commended by the prayers of the congregation. In Yorkshire the word is so understood: Thwaite, or "stubbed ground, ground that has been essarted or cleaned." J.H.M. _Meaning of "Thwaites"_ (Vol. ii., p. 441.).--Hearne took the word "Thwayte" to signify "a wood grubbed up and turned into arable." His explanation, with other suggestions as to the meaning, of this word, may be found in a letter from Hearne to Mr. Francis Cherry, printed in vol. i. p. 194. of _Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_, published by Longman and Co. in 1813. J.P. JR. December 5. 1850. _Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Your correspondent S.G. will find a brief notice of this person in Rose's _Biographical Dictionary_, London, 1848. It appears he was rector of Horninger, and a friend of Camden; who prefixed some commendatory verses to a work of his, entitled _The Anatomy of the Mind_. I would suggest to S.G. that further information may probably be collected respecting him from these verses, and from the prefaces, &c. of his other works, of which a long list is given in Rose's _Dictionary_. T.H. KERSLEY, A.B. King William's Col., Isle of Man. _Thomas Rogers of Horninger_ (Vol. ii., p 424.).--If S.G. will apply to the Rev. J. Perowne, of his own college, who is understood to be preparing an edition of Rogers's work for the Parker Society, he will doubtless obtain the fullest information. A.H. _Earl of Roscommon_ (Vol. ii., p. 468.).--A pretended copy of the inscription at Kilkenny West, mentioned by your correspondent AN HIBERNIAN, was produced in evidence, on the claim of Stephen Francis Dillon to the earldom of Roscommon, before the House of Lords. As there was reason to doubt the evidence of the person who produced that copy, or the genuineness of the inscription itself, the House decided against that claim; and by admitting that of the late earl (descended {522} from the youngest son of the first earl) assumed the extinction of all the issue of the six elder sons. The evidence adduced altogether negatived the presumption of any such issue. Your correspondents FRANCIS and AN HIBERNIAN will find a very clear and succinct account of the late earl's claim, and Stephen Francis Dillon's counter-claim, in _The Roscommon Claim of Peerage_, by J. Sidney Tayler, Lond. 1829. W.H.C. _Parse_ (Vol. ii., p. 430.).--Your correspondent J.W.H. is far from correct in supposing that this word was not known in 1611, for he will find it used by Roger Ascham, in a passage quoted by Richardson in his _Dictionary_ sub voce. In Brinsley's curious _Ludus Literarius_, 1612, reprinted 1627, 4to., the word is frequently used. At page 69. he recommends the "continual practice of _parsing_." At p. 319., enumerating the contents of chap. vi., we have "The Questions of the Accidence, called the _Poasing_ of the English Parts;" and chap. ix. is "Of _Parsing_ and the kinds thereof, &c." At the end of a kind of introduction there is an "Advertisement by the Printer," intimating that the author's book, "The _Poasing_ of the Accidence," is likely to come forth. From all this, it seems as if the two words were used indifferently. F.R.A. _The Meaning of "Version"_ (Vol. ii., p. 466.).--T. appears to apply a peculiar meaning of his own to the word "version," which it would have been quite as well if he had explained in a glossarial note. He thinks A.E.B. was _mistaken_ in using that phrase in reference to Lord Bacon's translation into Latin of his own English original work, and he proceeds to compare (to what end does not very clearly appear) a sentence from Lord Bacon's English text, with the same sentence as re-translated back again from Lord Bacon's Latin by Wats. Finally, T. concludes with this very singular remark: "Wats' version is the more exact of the two!" Does T. mean to call Lord Bacon's English text a _version_ of his Latin, by anticipation of eighteen years? The only other authority for such meaning of the word would seem to be the facetious Dr. Prout, who accused Tom Moore of a similar _version_ of his celebrated papers. A.E.B. _First Paper-mill in England_ (Vol. ii., p. 473).--The birthplace of the "High Germaine Spilman" (_Spielmann_), celebrated by Churchyard, your English readers may not easily discover by his description as quoted by DR. RIMBAULT. "Lyndoam Bodenze" is _Lindau am Boden-see_, on the Lake of Constance (in German, _Bodensee_), once a free imperial city, called, from its site on three islets in the lake, "the Swabian Venice," now a pretty little town belonging to the kingdom of _Bavaria_. V. "_Torn by Horses_" (Vol. ii., p. 480.).--This cruel death was suffered by _Ravaillac_, who accomplished what Jean Chatel failed in doing. The execution took place on the 27th of May, 1610, with the most atrocious severities of torture, of which the drawing by horses was but the last out of a scene that continued for many hours. The day before he had been racked to the very extremity of human suffering. The horses dragged at the wretch's body for an hour in vain; at length a nobleman present sent one of his own, which was stronger; but this even would not suffice. The executioner had to sever the mangled body with his knife, before the limbs would give way. I could add more of these details, but the subject is intolerable. The execution of _Ravaillac_ was followed with the utmost exactness, but with more cruelty, if possible, in the case of _Damiens_ (sentenced for the attempt on Louis le Bien-Aime), who suffered on the Place de Greve, March 28. 1757. The frightful business lasted from morning till dusk! Here again the knife was used before the body gave way, the horses having dragged at it for more than an hour first; the poor wretch living, it is said, all the while! I believe this was the last instance of the punishment in France, if not in Europe. A concise summary of the trials of these men, and all the hideous details of their tortures and execution, will be found, by those who have a taste for such things, in the third volume of the new series of the _Neuer Pitaval_, edited by Hitzig and Haring (Leipzig, Brockhaus),--a collection of _causes celebres_ which has been in course of publication at intervals since 1842. The volume in question appeared in the present year (1850). V. Belgravia. _Vineyards_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--At Ingatestone Hall, in Essex, one of the seats of Lord Petre, a part of the ground on the south side of the house still goes by the name of "the Vineyard." And this autumn grapes came to great perfection on the south wall. J.A.D. _Cardinal_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--The expression referred to by O.P.Q. was in some degree illustrated at the coronation of Edward II., 1308, when the Pope, wishing the ceremony to be performed by a cardinal, whom he offered to send for the purpose, was strenuously opposed by the king, and compelled to withdraw his pretensions. (See Curtis's _History of England_, vol. ii. p. 309.) C.H. St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. _Weights for weighing Coins_ (Vol. ii., p. 326.).--If the question of your correspondent, who wishes to know at what period weights were introduced {523} for weighing coins, is intended to have a general reference, he will find many passages alluding to the practice amongst the ancient Romans, who manufactured balances of various kinds for that purpose: one for gold (_statera auraria_, Varro _Ap. Non._, p. 455., ed. Mercer.; Cic. _Or._ ii. 38.); another for silver (Varro _De Vit. P.R._ lib. ii.); and another for small pieces of money (_trutina momentana pro parva modicaque pecunia._ Isidor. _Orig._, xvi. 25. 4.). The mint is represented on the reverse of numerous imperial coins and medals by three female figures, each of whom holds a pair of scales, one for each of the three metals; and in Rich's _Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary_, under the word LIBRA, there is exhibited a balance of very peculiar construction, from an original in the cabinet of the Grand Duke at Florence, which has a scale at one end of the beam, and a fixed weight at the opposite extremity, "to test the just weight of a given quantity, and supposed to have been employed at the mint for estimating the proper weight of coinage." MONETA. _Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 414. etc.).--To the extensive exhibition of _umbrellas_ formed through the exertions of the right worthy editor of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" and his very numerous friends, I am happy to have it in my power to make an addition of considerable curiosity, it being of much earlier date than any specimen at present in the collection:-- "Of doues I haue a dainty paire Which, when you please to take the aier, About your head shall gently houer, Your cleere browe from the sunne to couer, And with their nimble wings shall fan you That neither cold nor heate shall tan you, And, like _vmbrellas_, with their feathers _Sheeld you in all sorts of weathers._" _Michael Drayton, 1630_. Had not the exhibition been limited to umbrellas used in England, I could have produced oriental specimens, very like those now in fashion here, of the latter part of the sixteenth century. BOLTON CORNEY. _Croziers and Pastoral Staves_ (Vol. ii., p. 412.).--The staff with the cross appears on the monument of Abp. Warham, in Canterbury Cathedral; on the brass of Abp. Waldeby (1397), in Westminster Abbey and on that of Abp. Cranley (1417), in New College Chapel, Oxford. The crook is bent _outwards_ in the brasses to the following bishops:--Bp. Trellick (1360), Hereford Cathedral; Bp. Stanley (1515), Manchester Cathedral; Bp. Goodrich (1554), Ely Cathedral; and Bp. Pursglove (1579), Tideswell Church, Derbyshire. J.I.D. * * * * * Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. We never longed so much for greater space for our Notes upon Books as we do at this season of gifts and good will, when the Christmas Books demand our notice. Never did writer pen a sweeter tale than that which the author of _Mary Barton_ has just produced under the title of _The Moorland Cottage_. It is a purely English story, true to nature as a daguerreotype, without one touch of exaggeration, without the smallest striving after effect, yet so skilfully is it told, so effectually does it tell, so strongly do Maggie's trials and single-mindedness excite our sympathies, that it were hard to decide whether our tears are disposed to flow the more readily at those trials, or at her quiet heroic perseverance in doing right by which they are eventually surmounted. _The Moorland Cottage_ with its skilful and characteristic woodcut illustrations by Birket Foster, will be a favourite for many and many a Christmas yet to come. Rich in all the bibliopolic "pearl and gold" of a quaint and fanciful binding, glancing with holly berries and mistletoe, Mr. Bogue presents us with a volume as interesting as it is characteristic and elegant, _Christmas with the Poets_. A more elegantly printed book was never produced; and it is illustrated with fifty engravings designed and drawn on wood by Birket Foster; engraved by Henry Vizetelly, and printed in tints in a way to render most effective the artist's tasteful, characteristic, and very able drawings. The volume is, as it were, a casket, in which are enshrined all the gems which could be dug out of the rich mines of English poetry; and when we say that the first division treats of Carols from the Anglo-Norman period to the time of the Reformation; that these are followed by Christmas Poems of the Elizabethan period, by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and their great cotemporaries; that to these succeed Herrick's Poems, and so on, till we have the Christmas verses of our own century, by Southey, Wordsworth, Scott, Shelley, Tennyson, &c., we have done more than all our praise could do, to prove that a fitter present to one who loves poetry could not be found than _Christmas with the Poets_. While if it be a _little_ lover of poetry--mind, not one who little loves poetry, but one who listens with delight to those beloved ditties of the olden times, which as we know charmed Shakspeare's childhood,--learn that an English lady, with the hand and taste of an artist, guided and refined by that purest and holiest of feelings, a mother's love, has illustrated those dear old songs in a way to delight all children; and at the same time charm the most refined. The _Illustrated Ditties of the Olden Time_ is in sooth a delightful volume, and if a love of the beautiful be as closely connected with a love of the moral as wise heads tell us, we know no more agreeable way of early inculcating morality than by circulating this splendid edition of our time-honoured Nursery Rhymes. But we fancy the taste of some of our readers may not yet have been hit upon. Let them try _The Story of Jack and the Giants, illustrated by Richard Doyle_; and {524} they will find this wondrous story rendered still more attractive by some thirty drawings, from the pencil of one of the most imaginative artists of the day, and whose artistic spirit seems to have revelled with delight as he pourtrayed the heroic achievements of "the valiant Cornish man." We will now turn to those works which are of a somewhat graver class; and we will begin with Miss Drury's able and well-written story, entitled _Eastbury_, in which the heavy trials of Beatrice Eustace, mitigated and eventually overcome through the friendship and truthfulness of Julia Seymour, are told in a manner to delight all readers of the class of tales to which _Eastbury_ belongs; and to sustain the reputation as a writer, which Miss Drury so deservedly acquired by her former story, _Friends and Fortune_. The name of the Rev. Charles B. Tayler would alone have served as a sufficient warrant that _The Angel's Song, a Christmas Token_, is work of still more serious character, even though the author had not told his readers, in his _Envoy_, that the tale was written to correct the mistake into which many well-meaning people have fallen on the subject of Christmas merriment; and to suggest the spirit in which this sacred season should be celebrated. That the book will be favourably received by the large class of readers to whom it is addressed, there can be little doubt; and to their attention we accordingly commend it. It is very tastefully got up. To the publisher of _The Angel's Song_, Mr. Sampson Low, we are also indebted for a very stirring and interesting book, _The Whaleman's Adventures in the Southern Ocean_, edited by the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, from the notes of a pious and observant American clergyman, whilst embarked, on account of his health, on a whaling voyage to the South Seas and Pacific Ocean. That Dr. Scoresby should think the matter of this work so far novel and interesting, as well as "calculated for conveying useful moral impressions," renders it scarcely necessary to say another word in its recommendation. But it has a higher object than mere amusement; its object is to enforce upon those "who go down to the sea in ships," the duty of "remembering the Sabbath Day to keep it holy." Here our editorial labours have been interrupted by a band of infant critics to whose unprejudiced judgments we had entrusted _Peter Little and the Lucky Sixpence_,--each begging to be allowed to keep the book. Good reader, do you wish for better criticism? Worthy author of this _Verse Book for Children_, do you wish for higher praise? We have received the following Catalogues:--John Petheram's (94. High Holborn) Catalogue, Part CXIX. No. 13. for 1850 of Old and New Books; Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 22. of English, French, German, and Italian Books; John Lyte's (498. New Oxford Street) Book Catalogue for 1851. * * * * * Notices To Correspondents. _Although we have enlarged our present Number to twenty-four pages, we are compelled to request the indulgence of our correspondents for the omission of many valuable communications._ NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsvendors. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it regularly. Many of the country booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._ _Part XIV., for December, price 1s., is now ready for delivery._ THE INDEX TO VOLUME THE SECOND _will be ready early in January._ _Communications should be addressed to the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES, _care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. _Fleet Street_. E.A.D. _has our best thanks_. _Errata._--In No. 60. Vol. ii., p. 492, for [Gothic: "Sant Valantinus"] read [Gothic: "sant Valentinus"]. (The reference of Heinecken is _Idee d'une collect. d'Estampes_, p. 275.) For "_Ind. Par_. i. 543.," read "_Ind._ Par. i 343." For "suppressed" read "supposed;" and instead of "De," before "Vita," put [Symbol: capitulum]. * * * * * Just published, in a rich and novel binding, royal 8vo., price 25s. CHRISTMAS WITH THE POETS; a Collection of Songs, Carols, and Descriptive Verses, relating to the Festival of Christmas; with Introductory Observations explanatory of Obsolete Rites and Customs. Illustrated with upwards of Fifty highly-finished Wood Engravings, from Designs by BIRKET FOSTER, and printed in several tints, with Gold Borders, Initial Letters, and other Ornaments. DAVID BOGUE, Fleet Street. * * * * * THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.--The First Number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for 1851 is embellished by a Portrait of the late THOMAS AMYOT, Esq., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, accompanied with Memoirs written by two of his most intimate friends. A second Plate represents a very highly ornamented Roman Sword recently discovered near Mayence. This Number also contains THE STORY OF NELL GWYN, Chapter 1., by PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A., being the commencement of an Original Work, which will be continued periodically in the Magazine. Also, among other Articles, The Unpublished Diary of John First Earl of Egmont, Part III.; Farindon and Owen, the Divines of the Cavalier and Roundhead; Notes of an Antiquarian Tour on the Rhine, by C. ROACH SMITH, Esq., F.S.A.; Milton and the Adamo Caduto of Salandra; the Barons of London and the Cinque Ports; Effigy of a Notary (with an Engraving), &c. &c. Reviews of Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of Scotland; Vols. V. and VI. of Southey's Life, &c. &c. With Literary and Antiquarian Intelligence; Historical Chronicle; and Obituary, including Memoirs of the Marchioness Cornwallis. Lord Nugent, Rt. Hon. Sir W. H. Fremantle, Mr. Raphael, Mrs. Bell Martin, &c. &c., Price 2s. 6d. NICHOLS AND SON, 25. Parliament Street. * * * * * THE LONDON HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, 32. Golden Square. Founded by the BRITISH HOMOEOPATHIC ASSOCIATION. Patron: H.R.H. THE DUCHESS OF CAMBRIDGE. Vice-Patron: HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G. President: F.M. THE MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY, K.G. K.C.B. Chairman: CULLING C. SMITH, ESQ. Treasurer: JOHN DEAN PAUL, Esq., 217. Strand. This Hospital is open every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, at 2 o'clock, for the reception of Out-patients without Letters of Recommendation. In-Patients admitted every Tuesday at 3 o'clock upon the Recommendation of a Governor or Subscribers. Subscriptions to the Hospital Funds will be thankfully received by the Bankers, Messrs. Strahan and Co., Strand, and Messrs. Prescott and Co., Threadneedle Street, and by RALPH BUCHAM. Honorary Secretary, 32. Golden Square. * * * * *{525} JUST PUBLISHED, CHOICE EXAMPLES OF ART-WORKMANSHIP, IN GOLD, SILVER, STEEL, BRONZE, IVORY, WOOD, GLASS, LEATHER, EARTHENWARE, &c. UPWARDS OF SIXTY EXAMPLES SELECTED FROM THE EXHIBITION OF ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL ART AT THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, DRAWN AND ENGRAVED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF PHILIP DE LA MOTTE. Elegantly Bound in Cloth, with Gilt Bosses, in fac-simile of an Ancient Venetian Binding. * * * * * Imperial Octavo, bound in cloth with bosses L1 5 0 Ditto coloured and gilt, bound in morocco 4 4 0 Large Paper, bound in cloth with bosses 3 3 0 Ditto coloured and gilt, bound in morocco 6 6 0 ***_A few Vellum Copies will be printed to Order only. These will be most carefully Illuminated and finished by_ MR. DE LA MOTTE, _Bound in Velvet, price Twelve Guineas_. * * * * * A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH ART-MANUFACTURES, selected for their Beauty of Design, with about 150 Engravings of Articles of Use and Ornament for the Breakfast Table, Dinner Table, Drawing-Room, Library, in Pottery, Carved Wood, Glass, and Metal. 4to. Price 1s. in Wrapper, or 1s. 4d. per Post. THE ART-CIRCULAR.--A Monthly Record of Illustrated Literature and Art Manufactures. With Eight or Ten Illustrations. Issued on the Twenty-first of every Month. Price of each Number, 2d.; or Stamped for Post, 3d. (This work will be forwarded, Post free, 3s. per annum.) * * * * * LONDON: CUNDALL AND ADDEY, 21. OLD BOND STREET. * * * * * _Now ready, fcap. 8vo., price 7s. 6d.,_ A THIRD SERIES OF PLAIN SERMONS, ADDRESSED TO A COUNTRY CONGREGATION. By the LATE REV. EDWARD BLENCOWE, CURATE OF TEVERSAL, NOTTS, AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD. * * * * * ALSO, A NEW EDITION OF THE FIRST SERIES, AND A SECOND EDITION OF THE SECOND SERIES, price 7s. 6d. each. "Their style is simple; the sentences are not artfully constructed; and there is an utter absence of all attempt at rhetoric. The language is plain Saxon language, from which 'the men on the wall' can easily gather what it most concerns them to know".--_Theologian_. Also, 2 vols. 12mo., sold separately, 8s. each, SERMONS. By the REV. ALFRED GATTY, M.A., VICAR OF ECCLESFIELD. "Sermons of a high and solid character--earnest and affectionate."--_Theologian_. "Plain and practical, but close and scholarly discourses."--_Spectator_. * * * * * LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET. * * * * *{526} PRICE THREE PENCE. _After the 1st of January, 1851_, THE LITERARY GAZETTE WILL BE EXCLUSIVELY DEVOTED TO REVIEWS OF NEW PUBLICATIONS AND LITERARY VARIETIES. Orders and Advertisements will be received by MESSRS. REEVE AND BENHAM, 5. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. * * * * * MILLER'S CATALOGUE OF BOOKS FOR JANUARY, 1851, will be ready on NEW YEAR'S DAY. To be had GRATIS on application. It will also appear in the Number of the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for that Month. BALLAD ROMANCES, by R.H. HORNE, Esq., Author of "ORION," &c.--Containing the Noble Heart, a Bohemian Legend; The Monk of Swinstead Abbey, a Ballad Chronicle of the Death of King John; The Three Knights of Camelott, a Fairy Tale; The Ballad of Delora, or the Passion of Andrea Como; Red Gelert, a Welsh Legend; Ben Capstan, a Ballad of the Night Watch; The Elf of the Woodlands, a Child's Story. Fcap. 8vo. elegantly printed and bound in cloth, 248 pages, only 2s. 6d. "Pure fancy of the most abundant and picturesque description. Mr. Horne should write us more Fairy Tales; we know none to equal him since the days of Drayton and Herrick."--_Examiner_. "The opening poem in this volume is a fine one; it is entitled the 'Noble Heart,' and not only in title, but in treatment, well imitates the style of Beaumont and Fletcher."--_Athenaeum_. CRITICISMS AND ESSAYS on the Writings of Atherstone, Blair, Bowles, Sir E. Brydges, Carlyle, Carrington, Coleridge, Cowper, Croly, Gillfillan, Graham, Hazlitt, Heber, Heraud, Harvey, Irving, Keats, Miller, Pollock, Tighe, Wordsworth, and other Modern Writers, by the Rev. J.W. LESTER, B.A. Royal 8vo. 100 pages of closely printed letterpress, originally published at 5s., reduced to 1s. 3d. "We give our cordial subscription to the general scope and tenor of his views, which are in the main promulgated with a perspicuity and eloquence not always found in the same individual."--_Church of England Quarterly Review_. "Mr. Lester's volume is one of superior merit, and deserves a high rank among works of its class."--_Tait's Edinburgh Review_. "He is the pioneer of the beautiful."--_Manchester Examiner_. JOHN MILLER, 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square. * * * * * MR. L.A. LEWIS, AUCTIONEER OF LITERARY PROPERTY, established 1825, 125. Fleet Street, London, will have Sales by Auction of Libraries, Small Parcels of Books, Prints, Pictures, and Miscellaneous Effects, every Friday throughout the Year 1851. Property sent in on the previous Saturday will be certain to be sold (if required) on the following Friday. Dec. 1850. * * * * * GUTCH'S SCIENTIFIC POCKET-BOOK, Now ready, price 3s. 6d. roan tuck. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC REGISTER AND ALMANACK for 1851, with an ample Collection of Useful Statistical and Miscellaneous Tables, Facts, and Formulae, in Acoustics, Aerial Phenomena, Agriculture, Anatomy, Architecture, Astronomy, Chemistry, Gardening, Geography, Geology, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Optics, &c. &c., with a complete Index. Dedicated, by special Permission, to PRINCE ALBERT. By J.W.G. GUTCH, M.R.C.S.L., F.L.S. Foreign Service Queen's Messenger. "As perfect a compendium of useful knowledge in connexion with Literature, Science, and the Arts, as it is necessary every body should have acquaintance with. It is, in short, a little volume which will save the trouble of hunting through many books of more pretension, and supply, off-hand, what without it would require much time and trouble."--_Times_, Dec. 19. D. BOGUE, Fleet Street, and all Booksellers. * * * * * RICHARDS'S UNIVERSAL DAILY REMEMBRANCER for 1851 is now ready, and may be had of all Booksellers and Stationers, comprising a correct Diary of Memoranda, Appointments, &c., and much authentic and useful Information. In various forms, adapted to the use of Attorneys, the Clergy, Merchants, Tradesmen, Travellers, and generally serviceable to all Persons of Business. RICHARDS, 100 St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross. * * * * * FAMILY AND HISTORICAL PORTRAITS.--G.P. HARDING, having acquired the Art of faithfully making copies in Water Colours of Ancient and Modern Portraits, and having in his possession a large Collection of them, will he happy to treat with any Noblemen and Gentlemen wishing to add to their series of Ancestral Portraits. MR. HARDING having visited more than Three hundred of the principal Mansions in the country to make himself acquainted with what Pictures are contained in them, is enabled to point out where Portraits are to be obtained. G.P. HARDING also restores Ancient Missals, and Miniatures, having had much experience in that Branch of Art. G.P. HARDING, 69. Hercules Buildings, near the Palace, Lambeth. * * * * *{527} NEW PUBLICATIONS. * * * * * I. Professor Potter's Treatise on Optics Part II. [Now ready. II. Robson's First Latin Reading Lessons. 2s. 6d. III. Latham's English Language. Third Edition. 15s. IV. Latham's English Grammar. Fifth Edition. 4s. 6d. V. Griesbach's Greek Testament. New Edition 6s. 6d. VI. Baron Reichenbach on Magnetism. By Dr. Gregory 12s. 6d. [The only authorised Edition. VII. The Economy of Railways. By Dr. Lardner. 12s. 6d. VIII. Liebig, Koup and Hoffmann's Progress of Chemistry and the ALLIED SCIENCES for 1847 and 1848. 2 vols. 1l. 12s. HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, ANTIQUITIES, &c. I. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Edited by Dr. SMITH. Medium 8vo. 500 Illustrations 2l. 2s. II. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and MYTHOLOGY. Edited by Dr. SMITH. 560 Illustration. 3 vols. 8vo. 5l. 15s. 6d. III. Dr. Schmitz's History of Rome. Second Edition. 12mo. 7s. 6d. IV. Niebuhr's Lectures on the History of Rome. By Dr. SCHMITZ. Second and Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 24s. V. Niebuhr's History of Rome. 3 vols. 8vo. 2l. 10s. 6d. VI. Guesses at Truth. By Two Brothers. 2 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 13s. VII. Classical Museum. Complete in 7 vols. 8vo. 4l. 17s. 6d. cloth. VIII. Chronological Tables of Greek and Roman History. 8vo. 5s. IX. Akerman's Numismatic Manual. 8vo. 1l. 1s. X. Hurwitz's Hebrew Grammar. Third Edition. 8vo. 13s. XI. Descriptive Catalogues of Scientific and Literary Works, and of School Books, published by Taylor, Walton and Maberly, may be had on application. DIARIES AND JOURNALS FOR THE NEW YEAR. I. The Private Diary for General Use. Arranged, printed and ruled for an Account of each Day's Employment for one Year. Post 8vo. strongly half-bound, 4s. 6d. II. The Student's Journal, formed on the Plan of the "Private Diary." Post 8vo. strongly half-bound, 4s. 6d. III. The Literary Diary; or, Complete Common Place BOOK, with Locke's Index. Post 4to. ruled throughout and strongly half-bound. 12s. IV. A Pocket Common Place Book, with Locke's Index. Post 8vo. strongly half-bound, 8s. 6d. * * * * * London: TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. * * * * * Now Ready, with an elegant Frontispiece and Vignette, gilt edges, price 1s. PETER LITTLE AND THE LUCKY SIXPENCE; THE FROG'S LECTURE; and other Stories. A Verse Book for my Children and their Playmates. RIDGWAY, 169. Piccadilly; GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. * * * * * Price 1d., by Post 2d., or 5s. per Hundred from Distribution. WESTMINSTER AND DR. WISEMAN; or, FACTS _v._ FICTION. By WILLIAM PAGE WOOD. Esq., M.P., Q.C. Reprinted from _The Times_, with an Advertisement on the Subject of the WESTMINSTER SPIRITUAL AID FUND, and more especially on the Duty and Justice of applying the Revenues of the suspended Stalls of the Abbey for the adequate Endowment of the District Churches in the immediate neighbourhood. Second Edition, with an Appendix. London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; Messrs. RIVINGTON'S St. Paul's Church-yard, and Waterloo Place; and THOMAS HATCHARD, 187. Piccadilly; and _by Order_ of all Booksellers. * * * * * JOURNAL FRANCAIS, publie a Londres.--Le COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fonde en 1840, paraissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numero les nouvelles de la semaine, les meilleurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la Semaine Dramatique par Th. Gautier ou J. Janin, la Revue de Paris par Pierre Durand, et reproduit en entier les romans, nouvelles, etc., en vogue par les premiers ecrivains de France. Prix 6d. London: JOSEPH THOMAS, 1. Finch Lane. * * * * * FAC-SIMILES. ASHBEE AND TUCKETT, LITHOGRAPHERS, &c., 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, beg respectfully to draw Attention to their Establishment for the Execution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC-SIMILES, both Plain and in Colours, comprising Autographs, Charters, Deeds, Drawings, Illuminations, Title Pages, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce with the utmost fidelity and exactness, also without the slightest injury to the Original. Specimens may be inspected at the Offices, or will be forwarded on Application. Every Description of Plain and Ornamental LITHOGRAPHY executed with the greatest attention and punctuality. * * * * *{528} NEW WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE. I. MEMOIRS OF THE DUKES OF URBINO (1440 to 1630). By JAMES DENNISTOUN, of Dennistoun. With numerous Portraits, Plates, Facsimiles, and Woodcuts. 3 vols. square crown 8vo. 2l. 8s. II. SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY. From "The Spectator." With Notes, &c., by W.H. WILLIS; and Twelve fine Woodcuts from drawings by F. TAYLER. Crown 8vo. 15s.; morocco, 27s. III. Mrs. JAMESON'S SACRED and LEGENDARY ART; or, LEGENDS of the SAINTS and MARTYRS. New Edition, complete in One Volume; with Etchings by the Author, and Woodcuts. Square crown 8vo. 28s. IV. Mrs. JAMESON'S LEGENDS OF THE SAINTS AND MARTYRS, as represented in the Fine Arts. With Etchings by the Author, and Woodcuts. Square crown 8vo. 28s. V. THE CHURCH IN THE CATACOMBS: a Description of the Primitive Church of Rome. By CHARLES MAITLAND. New Edition, with Woodcuts. 8vo. 14s. VI. MR. MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James II. New Edition. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 32s. VII. JOHN COAD'S MEMORANDUM of the SUFFERINGS of the REBELS sentenced to Transportation by Judge Jeffreys. Square fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. VIII. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES. Intended as a Companion to the History of England. By JAMES ECCLESTON. With many Wood Engravings. 8vo. 12s. IX. Mr. A. RICH'S ILLUSTRATED COMPANION to the LATIN DICTIONARY and GREEK LEXICON. With about 2,000 Woodcuts, from the Antique. Post 8vo. 21s. X. MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE and LIBRARY of REFERENCE: a Compendium of Universal Knowledge. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 10s.; bound 12s. XI. MAUNDER'S BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; a New Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Biography: comprising about 12,000 Memoirs. New Edition, with Supplement. Fcap. 8vo. 10s.; bound, 12s. XII. MAUNDER'S SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY; a copious portable Encyclopaedia of Science and the Belles Lettres. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 10s.; bound, 12s. XIII. MAUNDER'S HISTORICAL TREASURY: comprising an Outline of General History, and a separate History of every Nation. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 10s.; bound, 12s. XIV. MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY, or, a Popular Dictionary of Animated Nature. New Edition; with 900 Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 10s.; bound, 12s. XV. SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. FIRST SERIES--CHOICE PASSAGES, &c. SECOND EDITION, with Medallion Portrait. Square crown 8vo. 18s. XVI. SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. SECOND SERIES--SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. Edited by the REV. J.W. WARTER, B.D., the Author's Son-in-Law. Square crown 8vo. 18s. XVII. SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. THIRD SERIES--ANALYTICAL READINGS. Edited by MR. SOUTHEY'S Son-in-Law, the Rev. J.W. WARTER, B.D. Square crown 8vo. 21s. XVIII. SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. FOURTH AND CONCLUDING SERIES--ORIGINAL MEMORANDA, &c. Edited by the Rev. J.W. WARTER, B.D., MR. SOUTHEY'S Son-in-Law. Square crown 8vo. [Nearly Ready XIX. SOUTHEY'S THE DOCTOR, &c. Complete in One Volume, with Portrait, Bust, Vignette, and coloured Plate. Edited by the Rev. J.W. WARTER, B.D., the Author's Son-in-Law. Square crown 8vo. 21s. XX. SOUTHEY'S LIFE and CORRESPONDENCE. Edited by his Son, the Rev. C.C. SOUTHEY, M.A.; with Portraits and Landscape illustrations. 6 vols. post 8vo. 63s. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. * * * * * Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, Dec. 28. 1850. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Issue No. 61, December 28, 1850, by Various *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** ***** This file should be named 16404.txt or 16404.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/0/16404/ Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals; Jon Ingram, Patricia A Benoy, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.net/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.net This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.