# Chapter 30. PPP

## 30.1. Synopsis

FreeBSD supports the Point-to-Point (PPP) protocol which can be used to establish a network or Internet connection using a dial-up modem. This chapter describes how to configure modem-based communication services in FreeBSD.

After reading this chapter, you will know:

- How to configure, use, and troubleshoot a PPP connection.

- How to set up PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).

- How to set up PPP over ATM (PPPoA).

Before reading this chapter, you should:

- Be familiar with basic network terminology.

- Understand the basics and purpose of a dial-up connection and PPP.

## 30.2. Configuring PPP

FreeBSD provides built-in support for managing dial-up PPP connections using ppp(8). The default FreeBSD kernel provides support for tun which is used to interact with a modem hardware. Configuration is performed by editing at least one configuration file, and configuration files containing examples are provided. Finally, `ppp` is used to start and manage connections.

In order to use a PPP connection, the following items are needed:

- A dial-up account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

- A dial-up modem.

- The dial-up number for the ISP.

- The login name and password assigned by the ISP.

- The IP address of one or more DNS servers. Normally, the ISP provides these addresses. If it did not, FreeBSD can be configured to use DNS negotiation.

If any of the required information is missing, contact the ISP.

The following information may be supplied by the ISP, but is not necessary:

- The IP address of the default gateway. If this information is unknown, the ISP will automatically provide the correct value during connection setup. When configuring PPP on FreeBSD, this address is referred to as `HISADDR`.

- The subnet mask. If the ISP has not provided one, `255.255.255.255` will be used in the ppp(8) configuration file. *

  If the ISP has assigned a static IP address and hostname, it should be input into the configuration file. Otherwise, this information will be automatically provided during connection setup.

The rest of this section demonstrates how to configure FreeBSD for common PPP connection scenarios. The required configuration file is /etc/ppp/ppp.conf and additional files and examples are available in /usr/share/examples/ppp/.

| Throughout this section, many of the file examples display line numbers. These line numbers have been added to make it easier to follow the discussion and are not meant to be placed in the actual file. When editing a configuration file, proper indentation is important. Lines that end in a `:` start in the first column (beginning of the line) while all other lines should be indented as shown using spaces or tabs.

### 30.2.1. Basic Configuration

In order to configure a PPP connection, first edit /etc/ppp/ppp.conf with the dial-in information for the ISP. This file is described as follows:

    1     default:
    2       set log Phase Chat LCP IPCP CCP tun command
    3       ident user-ppp VERSION
    4       set device /dev/cuau0
    5       set speed 115200
    6       set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 5 \
    7                 \"\" AT OK-AT-OK ATE1Q0 OK \\dATDT\\T TIMEOUT 40 CONNECT"
    8       set timeout 180
    9       enable dns
    10
    11    provider:
    12      set phone "(123) 456 7890"
    13      set authname foo
    14      set authkey bar
    15      set timeout 300
    16      set ifaddr x.x.x.x/0 y.y.y.y/0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0
    17      add default HISADDR

Line 1

  Identifies the `default` entry. Commands in this entry (lines 2 through 9) are executed automatically when `ppp` is run.

Line 2

  Enables verbose logging parameters for testing the connection. Once the configuration is working satisfactorily, this line should be reduced to:

      set log phase tun

Line 3

  Displays the version of ppp(8) to the PPP software running on the other side of the connection.

Line 4

  Identifies the device to which the modem is connected, where COM1 is /dev/cuau0 and COM2 is /dev/cuau1.

Line 5

  Sets the connection speed. If `115200` does not work on an older modem, try `38400` instead.

Lines 6 & 7

  The dial string written as an expect-send syntax. Refer to chat(8) for more information.

  Note that this command continues onto the next line for readability. Any command in ppp.conf may do this if the last character on the line is `\`.

Line 8

  Sets the idle timeout for the link in seconds.

Line 9

  Instructs the peer to confirm the DNS settings. If the local network is running its own DNS server, this line should be commented out, by adding a `#` at the beginning of the line, or removed.

Line 10

  A blank line for readability. Blank lines are ignored by ppp(8).

Line 11

  Identifies an entry called `provider`. This could be changed to the name of the ISP so that `load ISP` can be used to start the connection.

Line 12

  Use the phone number for the ISP. Multiple phone numbers may be specified using the colon (`:`) or pipe character (`|`) as a separator. To rotate through the numbers, use a colon. To always attempt to dial the first number first and only use the other numbers if the first number fails, use the pipe character. Always enclose the entire set of phone numbers between quotation marks (`"`) to prevent dialing failures.

Lines 13 & 14

  Use the user name and password for the ISP.

Line 15

  Sets the default idle timeout in seconds for the connection. In this example, the connection will be closed automatically after 300 seconds of inactivity. To prevent a timeout, set this value to zero.

Line 16

  Sets the interface addresses. The values used depend upon whether a static IP address has been obtained from the ISP or if it instead negotiates a dynamic IP address during connection.

  If the ISP has allocated a static IP address and default gateway, replace x.x.x.x with the static IP address and replace y.y.y.y with the IP address of the default gateway. If the ISP has only provided a static IP address without a gateway address, replace y.y.y.y with `10.0.0.2/0`.

  If the IP address changes whenever a connection is made, change this line to the following value. This tells ppp(8) to use the IP Configuration Protocol (IPCP) to negotiate a dynamic IP address:

      set ifaddr 10.0.0.1/0 10.0.0.2/0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0

Line 17

  Keep this line as-is as it adds a default route to the gateway. The `HISADDR` will automatically be replaced with the gateway address specified on line 16. It is important that this line appears after line 16.

Depending upon whether ppp(8) is started manually or automatically, a /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup may also need to be created which contains the following lines. This file is required when running `ppp` in `-auto` mode. This file is used after the connection has been established. At this point, the IP address will have been assigned and it is now possible to add the routing table entries. When creating this file, make sure that provider matches the value demonstrated in line 11 of ppp.conf.

    provider:
          add default HISADDR

This file is also needed when the default gateway address is "guessed" in a static IP address configuration. In this case, remove line 17 from ppp.conf and create /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup with the above two lines. More examples for this file can be found in /usr/share/examples/ppp/.

By default, `ppp` must be run as `root`. To change this default, add the account of the user who should run `ppp` to the `network` group in /etc/group.

Then, give the user access to one or more entries in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf with `allow`. For example, to give `fred` and `mary` permission to only the `provider:` entry, add this line to the `provider:` section:

    allow users fred mary

To give the specified users access to all entries, put that line in the `default` section instead.

### 30.2.2. Advanced Configuration

It is possible to configure PPP to supply DNS and NetBIOS nameserver addresses on demand.

To enable these extensions with PPP version 1.x, the following lines might be added to the relevant section of /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.

    enable msext
    set ns 203.14.100.1 203.14.100.2
    set nbns 203.14.100.5

And for PPP version 2 and above:

    accept dns
    set dns 203.14.100.1 203.14.100.2
    set nbns 203.14.100.5

This will tell the clients the primary and secondary name server addresses, and a NetBIOS nameserver host.

In version 2 and above, if the `set dns` line is omitted, PPP will use the values found in /etc/resolv.conf.

#### 30.2.2.1. PAP and CHAP Authentication

Some ISPs set their system up so that the authentication part of the connection is done using either of the PAP or CHAP authentication mechanisms. If this is the case, the ISP will not give a `login:` prompt at connection, but will start talking PPP immediately.

PAP is less secure than CHAP, but security is not normally an issue here as passwords, although being sent as plain text with PAP, are being transmitted down a serial line only. There is not much room for crackers to "eavesdrop".

The following alterations must be made:

    13      set authname MyUserName
    14      set authkey MyPassword
    15      set login

Line 13

  This line specifies the PAP/CHAP user name.Insert the correct value for MyUserName.

Line 14

  This line specifies the PAP/CHAP password. Insert the correct value for MyPassword. You may want to add an additional line, such as:

      16      accept PAP

  or

      16      accept CHAP

  to make it obvious that this is the intention, but PAP and CHAP are both accepted by default.

Line 15

  The ISP will not normally require a login to the server when using PAP or CHAP. Therefore, disable the "set login" string.

#### 30.2.2.2. Using PPP Network Address Translation Capability

PPP has ability to use internal NAT without kernel diverting capabilities. This functionality may be enabled by the following line in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf:

    nat enable yes

Alternatively, NAT may be enabled by command-line option `-nat`. There is also /etc/rc.conf knob named `ppp_nat`, which is enabled by default.

When using this feature, it may be useful to include the following /etc/ppp/ppp.conf options to enable incoming connections forwarding:

    nat port tcp 10.0.0.2:ftp ftp
    nat port tcp 10.0.0.2:http http

or do not trust the outside at all

    nat deny_incoming yes

### 30.2.3. Final System Configuration

While `ppp` is now configured, some edits still need to be made to /etc/rc.conf.

Working from the top down in this file, make sure the `hostname=` line is set:

    hostname="foo.example.com"

If the ISP has supplied a static IP address and name, use this name as the host name.

Look for the `network_interfaces` variable. To configure the system to dial the ISP on demand, make sure the tun0 device is added to the list, otherwise remove it.

    network_interfaces="lo0 tun0"
    ifconfig_tun0=

| The `ifconfig_tun0` variable should be empty, and a file called /etc/start_if.tun0 should be created. This file should contain the line:
    ppp -auto mysystem
This script is executed at network configuration time, starting the ppp daemon in automatic mode. If this machine acts as a gateway, consider including `-alias`. Refer to the manual page for further details.

Make sure that the router program is set to `NO` with the following line in /etc/rc.conf:

    router_enable="NO"

It is important that the `routed` daemon is not started, as `routed` tends to delete the default routing table entries created by `ppp`.

It is probably a good idea to ensure that the `sendmail_flags` line does not include the `-q` option, otherwise `sendmail` will attempt to do a network lookup every now and then, possibly causing your machine to dial out. You may try:

    sendmail_flags="-bd"

The downside is that `sendmail` is forced to re-examine the mail queue whenever the ppp link. To automate this, include `!bg` in ppp.linkup:

    1     provider:
    2       delete ALL
    3       add 0 0 HISADDR
    4       !bg sendmail -bd -q30m

An alternative is to set up a "dfilter" to block SMTP traffic. Refer to the sample files for further details.

### 30.2.4. Using `ppp`

All that is left is to reboot the machine. After rebooting, either type:

    # ppp

and then `dial provider` to start the PPP session, or, to configure `ppp` to establish sessions automatically when there is outbound traffic and start_if.tun0 does not exist, type:

    # ppp -auto provider

It is possible to talk to the `ppp` program while it is running in the background, but only if a suitable diagnostic port has been set up. To do this, add the following line to the configuration:

    set server /var/run/ppp-tun%d DiagnosticPassword 0177

This will tell PPP to listen to the specified UNIX® domain socket, asking clients for the specified password before allowing access. The `%d` in the name is replaced with the tun device number that is in use.

Once a socket has been set up, the pppctl(8) program may be used in scripts that wish to manipulate the running program.

### 30.2.5. Configuring Dial-in Services

“Dial-in Service” provides a good description on enabling dial-up services using getty(8).

An alternative to `getty` is comms/mgetty+sendfax port), a smarter version of `getty` designed with dial-up lines in mind.

The advantages of using `mgetty` is that it actively talks to modems, meaning if port is turned off in /etc/ttys then the modem will not answer the phone.

Later versions of `mgetty` (from 0.99beta onwards) also support the automatic detection of PPP streams, allowing clients scriptless access to the server.

Refer to http://mgetty.greenie.net/doc/mgetty_toc.html for more information on `mgetty`.

By default the comms/mgetty+sendfax port comes with the `AUTO_PPP` option enabled allowing `mgetty` to detect the LCP phase of PPP connections and automatically spawn off a ppp shell. However, since the default login/password sequence does not occur it is necessary to authenticate users using either PAP or CHAP.

This section assumes the user has successfully compiled, and installed the comms/mgetty+sendfax port on his system.

Ensure that /usr/local/etc/mgetty+sendfax/login.config has the following:

    /AutoPPP/ -     - /etc/ppp/ppp-pap-dialup

This tells `mgetty` to run ppp-pap-dialup for detected PPP connections.

Create an executable file called /etc/ppp/ppp-pap-dialup containing the following:

    #!/bin/sh
    exec /usr/sbin/ppp -direct pap$IDENT

For each dial-up line enabled in /etc/ttys, create a corresponding entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf. This will happily co-exist with the definitions we created above.

    pap:
      enable pap
      set ifaddr 203.14.100.1 203.14.100.20-203.14.100.40
      enable proxy

Each user logging in with this method will need to have a username/password in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret, or alternatively add the following option to authenticate users via PAP from /etc/passwd.

    enable passwdauth

To assign some users a static IP number, specify the number as the third argument in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret. See /usr/share/examples/ppp/ppp.secret.sample for examples.

## 30.3. Troubleshooting PPP Connections

This section covers a few issues which may arise when using PPP over a modem connection. Some ISPs present the `ssword` prompt while others present `password`. If the `ppp` script is not written accordingly, the login attempt will fail. The most common way to debug `ppp` connections is by connecting manually as described in this section.

### 30.3.1. Check the Device Nodes

When using a custom kernel, make sure to include the following line in the kernel configuration file:

    device   uart

The uart device is already included in the `GENERIC` kernel, so no additional steps are necessary in this case. Just check the `dmesg` output for the modem device with:

    # dmesg | grep uart

This should display some pertinent output about the uart devices. These are the COM ports we need. If the modem acts like a standard serial port, it should be listed on uart1, or COM2. If so, a kernel rebuild is not required. When matching up, if the modem is on uart1, the modem device would be /dev/cuau1.

### 30.3.2. Connecting Manually

Connecting to the Internet by manually controlling `ppp` is quick, easy, and a great way to debug a connection or just get information on how the ISP treats `ppp` client connections. Lets start PPP from the command line. Note that in all of our examples we will use example as the hostname of the machine running PPP. To start `ppp`:

    # ppp

    ppp ON example> set device /dev/cuau1

This second command sets the modem device to cuau1.

    ppp ON example> set speed 115200

This sets the connection speed to 115,200 kbps.

    ppp ON example> enable dns

This tells `ppp` to configure the resolver and add the nameserver lines to /etc/resolv.conf. If `ppp` cannot determine the hostname, it can manually be set later.

    ppp ON example> term

This switches to "terminal" mode in order to manually control the modem.

    deflink: Entering terminal mode on /dev/cuau1
    type '~h' for help

    at
    OK
    atdt123456789

Use `at` to initialize the modem, then use `atdt` and the number for the ISP to begin the dial in process.

    CONNECT

Confirmation of the connection, if we are going to have any connection problems, unrelated to hardware, here is where we will attempt to resolve them.

    ISP Login:myusername

At this prompt, return the prompt with the username that was provided by the ISP.

    ISP Pass:mypassword

At this prompt, reply with the password that was provided by the ISP. Just like logging into FreeBSD, the password will not echo.

    Shell or PPP:ppp

Depending on the ISP, this prompt might not appear. If it does, it is asking whether to use a shell on the provider or to start `ppp`. In this example, `ppp` was selected in order to establish an Internet connection.

    Ppp ON example>

Notice that in this example the first `p` has been capitalized. This shows that we have successfully connected to the ISP.

    Ppp ON example>

We have successfully authenticated with our ISP and are waiting for the assigned IP address.

    PPP ON example>

We have made an agreement on an IP address and successfully completed our connection.

    PPP ON example>add default HISADDR

Here we add our default route, we need to do this before we can talk to the outside world as currently the only established connection is with the peer. If this fails due to existing routes, put a bang character `!` in front of the `add`. Alternatively, set this before making the actual connection and it will negotiate a new route accordingly.

If everything went good we should now have an active connection to the Internet, which could be thrown into the background using `CTRL`+`z`. If `PPP` returns to `ppp` the connection has been lost. This is good to know because it shows the connection status. Capital P’s represent a connection to the ISP and lowercase p’s show that the connection has been lost.

### 30.3.3. Debugging

If a connection cannot be established, turn hardware flow CTS/RTS to off using `set ctsrts off`. This is mainly the case when connected to some PPP-capable terminal servers, where PPP hangs when it tries to write data to the communication link, and waits for a Clear To Send (CTS) signal which may never come. When using this option, include `set accmap` as it may be required to defeat hardware dependent on passing certain characters from end to end, most of the time XON/XOFF. Refer to ppp(8) for more information on this option and how it is used.

An older modem may need `set parity even`. Parity is set at none be default, but is used for error checking with a large increase in traffic, on older modems.

PPP may not return to the command mode, which is usually a negotiation error where the ISP is waiting for negotiating to begin. At this point, using `~p` will force ppp to start sending the configuration information.

If a login prompt never appears, PAP or CHAP authentication is most likely required. To use PAP or CHAP, add the following options to PPP before going into terminal mode:

    ppp ON example> set authname myusername

Where myusername should be replaced with the username that was assigned by the ISP.

    ppp ON example> set authkey mypassword

Where mypassword should be replaced with the password that was assigned by the ISP.

If a connection is established, but cannot seem to find any domain name, try to ping(8) an IP address. If there is 100 percent (100%) packet loss, it is likely that a default route was not assigned. Double check that `add default HISADDR` was set during the connection. If a connection can be made to a remote IP address, it is possible that a resolver address has not been added to /etc/resolv.conf. This file should look like:

    domain example.com
    nameserver x.x.x.x
    nameserver y.y.y.y

Where x.x.x.x and y.y.y.y should be replaced with the IP address of the ISP’s DNS servers.

To configure syslog(3) to provide logging for the PPP connection, make sure this line exists in /etc/syslog.conf:

    !ppp
    *.*     /var/log/ppp.log

## 30.4. Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)

This section describes how to set up PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).

Here is an example of a working ppp.conf:

    default:
      set log Phase tun command # you can add more detailed logging if you wish
      set ifaddr 10.0.0.1/0 10.0.0.2/0

    name_of_service_provider:
      set device PPPoE:xl1 # replace xl1 with your Ethernet device
      set authname YOURLOGINNAME
      set authkey YOURPASSWORD
      set dial
      set login
      add default HISADDR

As `root`, run:

    # ppp -ddial name_of_service_provider

Add the following to /etc/rc.conf:

    ppp_enable="YES"
    ppp_mode="ddial"
    ppp_nat="YES"	# if you want to enable nat for your local network, otherwise NO
    ppp_profile="name_of_service_provider"

### 30.4.1. Using a PPPoE Service Tag

Sometimes it will be necessary to use a service tag to establish the connection. Service tags are used to distinguish between different PPPoE servers attached to a given network.

Any required service tag information should be in the documentation provided by the ISP.

As a last resort, one could try installing the net/rr-pppoe package or port. Bear in mind however, this may de-program your modem and render it useless, so think twice before doing it. Simply install the program shipped with the modem. Then, access the System menu from the program. The name of the profile should be listed there. It is usually ISP.

The profile name (service tag) will be used in the PPPoE configuration entry in ppp.conf as the provider part for `set device`. Refer to ppp(8) for full details. It should look like this:

    set device PPPoE:xl1:ISP

Do not forget to change xl1 to the proper device for the Ethernet card.

Do not forget to change ISP to the profile.

For additional information, refer to Cheaper Broadband with FreeBSD on DSL by Renaud Waldura.

### 30.4.2. PPPoE with a 3Com® HomeConnect™ ADSL Modem Dual Link

This modem does not follow the PPPoE specification defined in RFC 2516.

In order to make FreeBSD capable of communicating with this device, a sysctl must be set. This can be done automatically at boot time by updating /etc/sysctl.conf:

    net.graph.nonstandard_pppoe=1

or can be done immediately with the command:

    # sysctl net.graph.nonstandard_pppoe=1

Unfortunately, because this is a system-wide setting, it is not possible to talk to a normal PPPoE client or server and a 3Com® HomeConnect™ ADSL Modem at the same time.

## 30.5. Using PPP over ATM (PPPoA)

The following describes how to set up PPP over ATM (PPPoA). PPPoA is a popular choice among European DSL providers.

### 30.5.1. Using mpd

The mpd application can be used to connect to a variety of services, in particular PPTP services. It can be installed using the net/mpd5 package or port. Many ADSL modems require that a PPTP tunnel is created between the modem and computer.

Once installed, configure mpd to suit the provider’s settings. The port places a set of sample configuration files which are well documented in /usr/local/etc/mpd/. A complete guide to configure mpd is available in HTML format in /usr/ports/shared/doc/mpd/. Here is a sample configuration for connecting to an ADSL service with mpd. The configuration is spread over two files, first the mpd.conf:

| This example mpd.conf only works with mpd 4.x.

    default:
        load adsl

    adsl:
        new -i ng0 adsl adsl
        set bundle authname username (1)
        set bundle password password (2)
        set bundle disable multilink

        set link no pap acfcomp protocomp
        set link disable chap
        set link accept chap
        set link keep-alive 30 10

        set ipcp no vjcomp
        set ipcp ranges 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0

        set iface route default
        set iface disable on-demand
        set iface enable proxy-arp
        set iface idle 0

        open

1 | The username used to authenticate with your ISP.
2 | The password used to authenticate with your ISP.

Information about the link, or links, to establish is found in mpd.links. An example mpd.links to accompany the above example is given beneath:

    adsl:
        set link type pptp
        set pptp mode active
        set pptp enable originate outcall
        set pptp self 10.0.0.1 (1)
        set pptp peer 10.0.0.138 (2)

1 | The IP address of FreeBSD computer running mpd.
2 | The IP address of the ADSL modem. The Alcatel SpeedTouch™ Home defaults to `10.0.0.138`.

It is possible to initialize the connection easily by issuing the following command as `root`:

    # mpd -b adsl

To view the status of the connection:

    % ifconfig ng0
    ng0: flags=88d1<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
         inet 216.136.204.117 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffffff

Using mpd is the recommended way to connect to an ADSL service with FreeBSD.

### 30.5.2. Using pptpclient

It is also possible to use FreeBSD to connect to other PPPoA services using net/pptpclient.

To use net/pptpclient to connect to a DSL service, install the port or package, then edit /etc/ppp/ppp.conf. An example section of ppp.conf is given below. For further information on ppp.conf options consult ppp(8).

    adsl:
     set log phase chat lcp ipcp ccp tun command
     set timeout 0
     enable dns
     set authname username (1)
     set authkey password (2)
     set ifaddr 0 0
     add default HISADDR

1 | The username for the DSL provider.
2 | The password for your account.

| Since the account’s password is added to ppp.conf in plain text form, make sure nobody can read the contents of this file:
    # chown root:wheel /etc/ppp/ppp.conf
    # chmod 600 /etc/ppp/ppp.conf

This will open a tunnel for a PPP session to the DSL router. Ethernet DSL modems have a preconfigured LAN IP address to connect to. In the case of the Alcatel SpeedTouch™ Home, this address is `10.0.0.138`. The router’s documentation should list the address the device uses. To open the tunnel and start a PPP session:

    # pptp address adsl

| If an ampersand ("&") is added to the end of this command, pptp will return the prompt.

A tun virtual tunnel device will be created for interaction between the pptp and ppp processes. Once the prompt is returned, or the pptp process has confirmed a connection, examine the tunnel:

    % ifconfig tun0
    tun0: flags=8051<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
            inet 216.136.204.21 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffff00
    	Opened by PID 918

If the connection fails, check the configuration of the router, which is usually accessible using a web browser. Also, examine the output of `pptp` and the contents of the log file, /var/log/ppp.log for clues.

Last modified on: March 9, 2024 by Danilo G. Baio

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